APHC010685002025 IN THE HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH AT AMARAVATI (Special Original Jurisdiction) TUESDAY, THE 6th DAY OF OCTOBER 2026 PRESENT THE HONOURABLE SRI JUSTICE MAHESWARA RAO KUNCHEAM WRIT PETITION NO: 35458 OF 2025 Between: 1. KODIBOYINA SURYANARAYANA, Son of late Krishna, aged about 48 years, OCC Business, R/o Door No. 16-26 on 1st lane, Mallikarjuna Colony, Rajam Nagar Panchayat, Srikakulam District. 2. Kodiboyina Shiva,, Son of late Krishna, aged about 33 years, OCC Advocate Clerk, R/o Door No. 16-26 on 1st lane, Mallikarjuna Colony, Rajam Nagar Panchayat, Srikakulam District. 3. Gedala Baburao,, Son of late Raminaidu, aged about 67 years, OCC Cultivation, Ex-Surpanch, R/o Door No. 16-26 on 1st lane, Mallikarjuna Colony, Raajam Nagar Panchayat, Srikakulam District. ...Petitioners AND 1. THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH, Rep. by its Principal Secretary, Home Department, Secretariat at Velagapudi, Guntur District. 2. The Inspector of Police, Rajam Police Station, Rajam, Srikakulam District. 3. Addanki Pushpalata Pushpa, w/o Appaladasu, aged 37 years, Occ Cloth Business, R/o Door.No. 16-246, 6th lane, Mallikarjuna Colony, Rajam Nagar Panchayat, Srikakulam District. ...Respondents Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed therewith, the High Court may be pleased to issue appropriate writ, order or direction more particularly one in the nature of writ of mandamus declaring the action of the 3rd respondent in calling me and interfering in civil disputes and providing active assistance in construction of the house on my site admeasuring 56 feet east to west and 46 2 feet to north to south in Survey No. 192 of Rajam, Srikakulam District as unauthorized by law and consequently direct the 3rd respondent not to interfere in civil disputes and pass IA NO: 1 OF 2025 Petition under Section 151 CPC praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed in support of the petition, the High Court may be pleased to direct the 3rd respondent not to interfere in civil disputes pertaining to my land admeasuring 56 feet east to west and 46 feet to north to south in Survey No. 192 of Rajam Srikakulam District , pending disposal of the Writ Petition and pass Counsel for the Petitioners: A RAVI SHANKAR Counsel for the Respondents: GP FOR HOME 3 APHC010689542025 IN THE HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH AT AMARAVATI (Special Original Jurisdiction) TUESDAY, THE 6th DAY OF OCTOBER 2026 PRESENT THE HONOURABLE SRI JUSTICE MAHESWARA RAO KUNCHEAM WRIT PETITION NO: 35668 OF 2025 Between: 1. VINTI VENKAT RAO, S/o V. Satyanarayana Aged about 57 years, R/o 2- 152/1, Vinayaka Temple Street, Achampeta, Samalkota Mandal, East Godavari District. 2. Vinti Varalakshmi,, W/o V. Venkat Rao, Aged about 50 years, R/o 2-152/1, Vinayaka Temple Street, Achampeta, Samalkota Mandal, East Godavari District. 3. Vinti Satya Prasanna Kumar,, S/o V. Venkat Rao, Aged about 31 years, R/o 2-152/1, Vinayaka Temple Street, Achampeta, Samalkota Mandal, East Godavari District. 4. Vinti Jyothi Swaroop,, S/o V. Venkat Rao, Aged about 26 years, R/o 2- 152/1, Vinayaka Temple Street, Achampeta, Samalkota Mandal, East Godavari District. ...Petitioners AND 1. THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH, Rep., by the Secretary, Home Department, A.P. Secretariat, Velagapudi, Guntur District. 2. The Superintendent of Police, Kakinada, East Godavari District. 3. The Station House Officer, , Samalkota Police Station Samalkota, East Godavari District. 4. Sri A Krishna Bhagawan, Father's name and age not known to the petitioners Circle Inspector, Samalkota Police Station, Samalkota, East Godavari District. ...Respondents 4 Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed therewith, the High Court may be pleased to issue an appropriate writ, order or direction more particularly one in the nature of Writ of Mandamus, declaring the action of the respondent authorities, particularly the respondents 3 and 4, in interfering with the petitioners' civil disputes as arbitrary, illegal, null and void, and abuse of powers conferred upon the Respondent Authorities and to issue consequential direction directing the respondent authorities not to interfere with the petitioners' civil dispute and to pass IA NO: 1 OF 2025 Petition under Section 151 CPC praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed in support of the petition, the High Court may be pleased to direct the respondent authorities not to call the petitioners to the Police Station without following due process of law, pending disposal of the above writ petition and to pass IA NO: 2 OF 2025 Petition under Section 151 CPC praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed in support of the petition, the High Court may be pleased to direct the respondent authorities not to interfere with the petitioners’ possession of their properties (i) agricultural land admeasuring an extent of Ac.2.46 cents in Sy. No. 156/3 situated at Pansapadu Village and Gram Panchayat, Samalkota Mandal, Kakinada District (erstwhile East Godavari District), (ii) House properties (a) admeasuring an extent of 1109 sq. Yards in Sy. No.270/2, bearing Door No.2-302, with Assessment No.575, & (b) admeasuring an extent of 79.14 sq. Yards in Sy. No. 179, bearing Door No.2- 179, with Assessment No.453, situated at Achampeta village, outskirts of Panasapadu, Samalkota mandal, Kakinada district (erstwhile East Godavari District), pending disposal of the above writ petition and to pass Counsel for the Petitioners: VENKAT SAILENDRA G Counsel for the Respondents: GP FOR HOME 5 APHC010697772025 IN THE HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH AT AMARAVATI (Special Original Jurisdiction) TUESDAY, THE 6th DAY OF OCTOBER 2026 PRESENT THE HONOURABLE SRI JUSTICE MAHESWARA RAO KUNCHEAM WRIT PETITION NO: 35711 OF 2025 Between: 1. Chintha Manjula, W/o Johnson, aged 60 years, residing at D.No.4-3-24/5, Atchayamma colony, Kowur, West Godavari District-534350 ...Petitioner AND 1. The State of Andhra Pradesh, Represented by its Principal Secretary, Home Department, Secretariat Buildings, Velagapudi, Guntur District-522237. 2. Superintendent of Police, Amalapuram, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema District-533201. 3. The Station House Officer, Razole P.S., Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema District-533242. 4. The Sub Inspector of Police, Razole P.S., Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema District-533242. 5. The Asst Sub Inspector of Police, Razole P.S., Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema District-533242. 6 6. Jalli Daniel Raju Raju, S/o Saheb Rao (late), aged about 40 years, Employee in ONGC (GAIL), residing at Indira Colony, Sompalli Village, Razole Mandal, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533001. 7. Nalli Ravi Shekar, S/o late Venakta Rao, aged about 42 years, B. Savaram Village, Razole Mandal, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533242. 8. Thotadasi Ramesh, S/o Arjudu (late), aged about 36 years, resident of Sivakodu Lock, Razole MandaI, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533242. 9. Yarlagadda Chanti Babu, S/o Prasad Rao, aged about 55 years, Katragadda, Kandalapalem Village, Gannavaram Mandal, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533210 10. Yarlagadda Peddiraju Joshua, fathers name not known to the plaintiff, aged about 56 years, resident of Katragadda, Kandalapallem Village, Razole Mandal, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533210. 11. Vipparthi Moses, fathers name not known to the plaintiff, aged about 57 years, Qcc Tailor, resident of Bolithippa, Thatipaka Village, Razole MandaI, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533216. 12. Jalli Vijaya Kumar, S/o Saheb Rao (late), aged 44 years, residing at Indira Colony, Sompalli Village, Razole Mandal, Ambedkar Konaseema District- 533001. 13. Busi Ramesh Babu, S/o late Anjaneyulu, aged about 37 years, employee in Government Hospital, Razole, Razole Mandal, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533247. 14. Nalli Rajeev, S/o late Venkatrao, aged about 43 years, resident of Canal Road, Dindi Village, Razole Mandal, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533244 7 15. T Chandrasekhar, fathers name not known to the plaintiff, aged about 58 years, resident of Vadrevu Papayyapantulu Gari Road, Near Ambedkar Statue, Razole, Ambedkar Konaseema District-533247 ...Respondents Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed therewith, the High Court may be pleased to issue any writ, order or direction more particularly one in the nature of Writ of Mandamus to the action of the respondents 4 and 5 police officials in interfering in civil disputes at the influence of the Respondents 6 to 15 in respect of Church building Ground Plus First Floor constructed in an extent of Ac.0-04 cents in the name and style as Carmel Prardhana Mandiram situated at Razole Village and Panchayat, Razole Mandal, Ambedkar Konaseema District, as, illegal, high handed, arbitrary, malafide, intentional without any authority and also violation of principles of natural justice and also violation of Article 14, 19 and Art. 21 of the Constitution of India and consequently direct the Respondent No.3 to 5 not to interfere with civil disputes between the petitioner and the Respondent Nos. 6 to 15, consequently direct the Respondent No.2 to make departmental enquiry on the Complaint dt.19.12.2025 submitted by the petitioner and take action against the Respondent No.4 and 5 for involving in civil disputes and pass such IA NO: 1 OF 2025 Petition under Section 151 CPC praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed in support of the petition, the High Court may be pleased may be pleased to direct the Respondent No.3 to 5 not to interfere with civil disputes between the petitioner and the Respondent Nos. 6 to 15 and to pass such 8 IA NO: 2 OF 2025 Petition under Section 151 CPC praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed in support of the petition, the High Court may be pleased may be pleased to direct the Respondent No.2 to make a departmental enquiry on the Complaint dt.19.12.2025 submitted by the petitioner and take action against the Respondent No.4 and 5 for involving in civil disputes and to pass such Counsel for the Petitioner: V KIRAN KUMAR Counsel for the Respondents: GP FOR HOME 9 APHC010690762025 IN THE HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH AT AMARAVATI (Special Original Jurisdiction) TUESDAY, THE 6th DAY OF OCTOBER 2026 PRESENT THE HONOURABLE SRI JUSTICE MAHESWARA RAO KUNCHEAM WRIT PETITION NO: 35723 OF 2025 Between: 1. CHILAKALA AMAR, S/o. Basaveswara Rao, Aged 41, R/o. D.No.6-79/203, 2nd floor, Sai Sankar Residency, Gollapudi, Vijayawada, N T R District. 2. Alla Parvathi, W/o. Ch Amar, Aged 40, R/o. D.No.6-79/203, 2nd floor, Sai Sankar Residency, Gollapudi, Vijayawada, N T R District ...Petitioners AND 1. THE STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH, Department of Home, Rep. by its Principal Secretary, Secretariat Buildings, Velagapudi, Amaravati. 2. The Commissioner of Police, Vijayawada, NTR District-520002. 3. The Station House Officer Cl, Bhavanipuram Police Station, Vijayawada, NTR District-520012. 4. The SubInspector of Police SI, Bhavanipuram Police Station, Vijayawada, NTR District-520012. 5. The AsSt SubInspector of Police ASI, Bhavanipuram Police station, Vijayawada, NTR District-520012. 6. Tolapu Durga Bala Sankar, S/o. Ramesh, aged about 40 years, Partner in Sree Lakshmi Vallabha Enterprises C/o. D. No. 1-3/24-1 A, Aravinda Street, Vidyadharapuram, Vijayawada, NTR District-520012. 7. 7. Tolapu Praneeth Kumar, S/o. Ramesh, aged about 38 years. Partner in Sree Lakshmi Vallabha Enterprises C/o. D.No.l-3/24-IA, Aravinda Street, Vidyadharapuram, Vijayawada, NTR District-520012. ...Respondents 10 Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed therewith, the High Court may be pleased to issue a writ, order or direction more particularly one in the nature of writ of mandamus declaring the action of the respondents, more particularly respondents 3 (Cl), 4 (SI) and 5 (ASI) of Bhavanipuram Police Station, in calling us to police station and threatening to settle civil disputes by paying huge amounts to the unofficial respondents 6 and 7 and without issuing any notice as the same is contrary to law, illegal, arbitrary, unconstitutional, without jurisdiction and violative of Articles 14, 19(1)(g), and 21 of the Constitution of India and consequently direct the official respondents not to call the petitioners to police station by compelling them to settle civil disputes with the unofficial respondents 6 and 7 and to pass IA NO: 1 OF 2025 Petition under Section 151 CPC praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed in support of the petition, the High Court may be pleased to direct the 2nd respondent to preserve the CCTV footage of the Bhavanipuram Police Station for the dates 27-10-2025, 08-12-2025, 09-12-2025 and 11-12- 2025, pending disposal of the writ petition and to pass IA NO: 2 OF 2025 Petition under Section 151 CPC praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed in support of the petition, the High Court may be pleased to direct the respondents 3 to 5 not to call the petitioners to police station by compelling them to settle civil disputes with the unofficial respondents 6 and 7, pending disposal of the writ petition and to pass Counsel for the Petitioners: P SAI SURYA TEJA Counsel for the Respondents: GP FOR HOME 11 APHC010713762025 IN THE HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH AT AMARAVATI (Special Original Jurisdiction) TUESDAY, THE 6th DAY OF OCTOBER 2026 PRESENT THE HONOURABLE SRI JUSTICE MAHESWARA RAO KUNCHEAM WRIT PETITION NO: 36497 OF 2025 Between: 1. G V N S R KALYAN, (S/o. Venkatarao, Aged about 45 years, Occupation Builder, R/O Flat No. 401, Sri Raghavendra Enclave, Gandhinagar, Vijayawada, NTR District, Andhra Pradesh. ...Petitioner AND 1. THE STATE OF AP, Rep. by its Principal Secretary, Home Department, Secretariat Buildings Velagapudi, Amaravati, Guntur District. 2. The Director General of Police, Andhra Pradesh, Mangalagiri. 3. The Commissioner of Police, Vijayawada City, Vijayawada. 4. The Station House Officer, krishnalanka Police Station, Vijayawada City, NTR District. 5. The Station House Officer, Satyanarayanapuram Police Station, Vijayawada City, NTR District. 6. Vissamsetty Subramanyam, S/o Subhash Chandra Bose, Aged about 50 years R/o D.No 17-1 -5-15. Nadar, Street, - Pejjonipeta, Vijayawada - 520003. 7. Gutta Venkatanarayana, S/o Balaramayya Aged about 55 years, R/o D. No. 8-31-5-B, Fourth Line, Vaikunta Puram, Kavali, Nellore District ...Respondents Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed therewith, the High Court may be pleased to issue a Writ, Order, or Direction, more particularly one in the nature 12 of Mandamus, declaring the action of Respondent No.4 in interfering with the civil disputes between the petitioner and Respondents 5 AND 6 as illegal, arbitrary, unconstitutional and without jurisdiction consequently direct Respondents 1 to 4 not to summon, harass, threaten, or interfere with the petitioner or his family members in respect of the civil disputes pending between the parties and pass IA NO: 1 OF 2025 Petition under Section 151 CPC praying that in the circumstances stated in the affidavit filed in support of the petition, the High Court may be pleased to direct Respondent Nos.1 to 5 not to summon, harass, threaten, or interfere with the petitioner or his family members in respect of the civil disputes pending between the parties, pending disposal of the writ petition, and pass Counsel for the Petitioner: V R MAHESWARA RAO PALETI Counsel for the Respondents: GP FOR HOME 13 THE HONOURABLE SRI JUSTICE MAHESWARA RAO KUNCHEAM WRIT PETITION Nos: 35458, 35668, 35711, 35723 and 36497 of 2025 COMMON ORDER: As the issue involved in all the Writ Petitions is one and the same and in view of the consent expressed by both the parties, the batch of Writ Petitions is disposed of by way of common order. 2. 2. Overall sum and substance of the instant lis is that when the matter is sub judice before competent Civil Courts, appropriate forums, interference of police in respect of the very same subject properties inter-se parties is under challenge in these Writ Petitions, mainly on the ground that the police have no jurisdiction to interdict or determine the civil rights of the parties. 3. Learned counsel for the petitioners draws the attention of this Court to the relevant provisions enunciated in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Police Act, 1861. Substantiating their assertions, learned counsels also relied on J.Lakshmi @ Lakshamamma & Another Vs. Commissioner of Police & Others1 and G.B.C.Raj Gopal Vs. The Government of Andhra Pradesh, Represented by the Principal Secretary2. 4. Sri P.Ajay Babu, learned Assistant Government Pleader for Home, while denying the averments made in the affidavit filed in support of the Writ Petitions, submitted that the respondent-police never called the petitioners to the respective police stations and that they will not interfere with the civil disputes inter se parties, unless any crime is registered for commission of any 1 2004 (2) ALD Cr.477 2 2014 SCC OnLine AP 322 14 cognizable offences. Learned Assistant Government Pleader fairly brought to the notice of this Court the categorical instructions (dealing with land disputes) of the Director General of Police, Andhra Pradesh vide No.76/DGP’s Peshi/ 2025 dated 24.10.2025 to the concerned police personnel. He also read out the relevant paras of the same, for the sake of a comprehensive view, which are extracted hereunder: It has been observed that land-related disputes, both private and government, are increasingly being reported across several districts. These disputes are often escalating into law and order situations, leading to communal tension, violent altercations, and property damage. Even minor disagreements over land boundaries or ownership are, in some instances, turning into major conflicts due to political, caste, or community dimensions being injected into the issue. xxx 4. All Unit Officers and Range Officers are hereby directed to evolve a comprehensive district-wise strategy to identify, monitor, and resolve land dispute-related issues in coordination with the Revenue and Judicial authorities. The following course of action shall be strictly adhered to: (a) Preventive Measures under Law: 1. In cases where law and order disturbances are likely, the police must initiate preventive proceedings under BNS in coordination with revenue authorities and, where necessary, bind over the parties under preventive sections. 2. The local police should immediately bring the matter to the notice of the concerned Executive Magistrate and ensure that prohibitory orders are issued promptly to prevent breach of peace. 3. In every such case, the local CI/SDPO must personally supervise the situation until the dispute is brought under control or referred to competent authorities. (b) Coordination with Revenue & Judicial Authorities: 1. In cases involving civil ownership or title disputes, police should not take sides or interfere in the civil adjudication process. 2. However, close coordination with Tahsildars, RDOs, and Revenue Divisional Officers must be maintained to ensure timely demarcation, eviction, and enforcement of legal orders. 3. The District Collector and SP/CP shall jointly review sensitive land disputes at least once every month to assess potential flashpoints. 15 (c) Registration of Criminal Cases: 1. When criminal intent or violence is evident—such as trespass, cheating, forgery, assault, or criminal conspiracy—appropriate criminal cases shall be registered under relevant sections of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023. 2. Particular attention should be given to repeat offenders and politically motivated land grabbers, who often exploit technicalities in the civil process to encroach upon land or disturb peace. 3. Ensure speedy investigation and charge-sheet filing in such cases to deter others from similar behaviour. (d) Monitoring & Accountability: 1. District SB shall prepare and maintain a Land Dispute Risk Register, classifying disputes as Low / Medium / High Risk based on communal sensitivity, violence potential, and local influence factors. 2. The SP/CP shall personally monitor the top 10 high-risk disputes in the district and submit a monthly status report to PHQ through the Range DIG concerned. 3. Any negligence, delay, or failure to act preventively leading to violence will be viewed seriously, and disciplinary action will be initiated against the responsible officers. 4. It is reiterated that Police do not play any role in deciding ownership or possession, which falls exclusively under the purview of civil courts and revenue authorities. However, police intervention becomes mandatory when there is a threat to public peace, life, or property, or when criminal acts arise from such disputes. Officers must therefore strike the right balance between legality and prevention, ensuring that law and order is preserved without overstepping jurisdictional limits. 5. The above instructions shall be implemented in letter and spirit, and Range DIGs shall review compliance during their district inspections and monthly law & order reviews. Emphasis supplied 5. In view of the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and also taking note of the statutory regime as well as the well-settled legal principles of the Apex Court and various High Courts that the Police have no jurisdiction to determine the civil disputes, and more particularly, as the civil disputes inter se parties are pending before competent forums, this Court is inclined to dispose of the lis, at the stage of admission itself. 16 6. In light of the above facts and circumstances of the case, the core common issue to be determined in the present batch of cases is: Whether the police have any jurisdictional powers to interfere or determine the civil rights of the parties, more particularly, pending the disputes before competent Civil Courts or statutory forums or not? 7. Heard learned counsels for the petitioners and learned Assistant Government Pleader for Home appearing on behalf of official Respondent- State and perused the entire material available on record. 8. Police have a statutory duty to maintain law and order and preserve public peace and safety. They are primarily responsible for preventing crime, controlling situations that may lead to breach of the peace, protecting the lives and properties of people, and taking lawful action against persons who engage in violence, threats, intimidation, or other unlawful activities. The police may also take necessary preventive measures when there is anticipation of disturbance or danger to public order. Thus, the essential role of Police is to prevent unlawful acts, protect people and property, maintain peace, and ensure that individuals are able to carry on their lawful activities, without unlawful interference. 9. In fact, when the statutory powers are conferred on the particular wing more particularly, judicial/quasi-judicial forums and the respective forums have seized the matter and dealt with the matter as per the prescribed procedure, 17 no other executive authority, who is not vested with such adjudicatory powers under the relevant statutory framework, cannot encroach upon or usurp the powers of such exclusively vested jurisdictional powers of the competent forums and deal with the rights of parties contrary to the fundamental principles of law, if anything, going contrary to the prescribed tenets amounts to acting without jurisdiction under the principles of law. 10. In the scheme of Constitution of India, the duty to resolve civil disputes is entrusted to the judiciary. No such power is empowered to the Police. Interference in a pending civil dispute or a potential civil dispute between two citizens or two groups is not within the province of the police. Furthermore, if a cognizable offence is reported to the police even as per the enunciated scheme of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, (for brevity “BNSS 2023”), it is the duty of the police to register and investigate the crime to unravel the truth and submit a report by way of charge sheet or final report to the concerned jurisdictional Court only. Thereafter, it is the duty of the competent Court to adjudicate the case after providing reasonable opportunity to the parties as well by following statutory procedures and to reach its logical conclusions, as per its jurisdictional sphere. It is well settled that judicial power is a sovereign power which can be conferred only by constitutional as well as statutory schemes, and it cannot be taken away or assumed Suo motu by any other authority on its own, which is contrary to the well-settled legal principles. 11. Coming to the instant issue, the Police Department, which has no jurisdiction to determine civil rights inter se parties, seeking to take over the 18 powers vested in another statutory forum may lead to multifarious problems and anomalies, not only affecting the functioning of said police wing, but also prejudicing the rights of the parties, furthermore, to the societal interests too. 12. It is apt to note that Courts in our Indian context generally would not assume the role of an investigative agency, unless it is required, so why, because it is in the orbit of an investigative agency empowered with fundamental duties in their domain. 13. Interesting facet in this context is that, evidently, the executive magisterial authorities such as Mandal Level, Sub-Divisional Level, District Level officers, though they are empowered under the provisions of the BNSS, 2023 & BNS, 2023 as well as other Legislative regimes to initiate statutory measures, such as maintaining public peace and security and also preventing breach of law, the said executive powers also came to a halt when the competent Judicial Forums, such as Civil Courts, seize the subject in issue, inter se parties. 14. For better understanding, Section 164 BNSS, 2023 (corresponding to Section 145 of CrPC, 1973) deals with disputes relating to land, water, buildings or their boundaries which are likely to cause a breach of peace. Under this provision, where a dispute exists about the actual possession of the disputed property, the Executive Magistrate may initiate appropriate proceedings in accordance with law and require the concerned parties to appear before him and submit their respective claims, along with such 19 material as they may seek to rely upon, regarding the actual possession of the property in question. An Executive Magistrate primarily determines who is in actual possession of the property, rather than adjudicating the ultimate question of ownership or title. Where necessary, particularly when the possession cannot be ascertained, or there is an immediate likelihood of breach of peace, the property may be attached, until the competent Court determines the rights of the parties. The primary purpose of Section 164 BNSS, 2023 is to prevent disputes from escalating into violence and to maintain peace and public order. Thus, even as per the provisions of BNSS, 2023 also, when competent Judicial authority seized the dispute inter-se parties over the very same subject property, executive magisterial powers come to be very minimal. 15. In light of the above perception, it is relevant to note some of the expressions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India which are as under: In Mohd. Abid and Others v. Ravi Naresh and Others3, the Hon’ble Supreme Court held that where the competent Civil Court has already seized itself of the dispute concerning the same property, the proceedings under Sections 145 and 146 CrPC, 1973 cannot be permitted to continue in parallel. Determination of the inter se rights of the parties relating to title or possession ultimately falls within the jurisdiction of the Civil Court, whereas the proceedings before the 32022 SCC OnLine SC 2416 20 Executive Magistrate are intended only as a preventive measure to avert a breach of peace. “4. Once the Civil Court is seized of the matter, it goes without saying that the proceedings under Section 145/146 Cr.P.C., cannot proceed and must come to an end. The inter-se rights of the parties regarding title or possession are eventually to be determined by the Civil Court.” 16. In Mohd Shakir v. State of UP4, Apex Court held that even while dropping proceedings under Section 145 Cr.P.C., an executive Magistrate cannot make observations on the respective rights in respect of the subject property, as it is the exclusive domain of the Civil Court. 17. Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, while interpreting the statutory regime in respect of the powers of the Courts in Shailesh Kumar Singh alias Shailesh R.Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.5, held that while exercising jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution of India or Section 482 CrPC, the Court must examine the allegations in the FIR and the material on record to ascertain whether the ingredients of any criminal offence are disclosed. The criminal process cannot be permitted to be used as a means for recovery of a monetary claim arising out of a commercial dispute, and quashing of criminal proceedings cannot be made subject to payment of a specified amount to the complainant. Where the dispute is essentially civil or commercial in nature, the parties are at liberty to pursue the appropriate civil remedy. 42022 SCC OnLine SC 2389 5 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1462 21 18. In this context, it is trite to quote the specific observations of the Apex Court in Shailesh Kumar Singh’s case (supra), which reads are as under: “11. The entire case is squarely covered by a recent pronouncement of this Court in the case of “Delhi Race Club (1940) Limited v. State of Uttar Pradesh”, (2024) 10 SCC 690. In the said decision, the entire law as to what constitutes cheating and criminal breach of trust respectively has been exhaustively explained. It appears that this very decision was relied upon by the learned counsel appearing for the petitioner before the High Court. However, instead of looking into the matter on its own merits, the High Court thought fit to direct the petitioner to go for mediation and that too by making payment of Rs. 25,00,000/- to the 4th respondent as a condition precedent. We fail to understand, why the High Court should undertake such exercise. The High Court may either allow the petition saying that no offence is disclosed or may reject the petition saying that no case for quashing is made out. Why should the High Court make an attempt to help the complainant to recover the amount due and payable by the accused. It is for the Civil Court or Commercial Court as the case may be to look into in a suit that may be filed for recovery of money or in any other proceedings, be it under the Arbitration Act, 1996 or under the provisions of the IB Code, 2016. 12. xxx 13. …. Money cannot be recovered, more particularly, in a civil dispute between the parties by filing a First Information Report and seeking the help of the Police. This amounts to abuse of process of law.” Thus, from the above vivid opinions of the Apex Court, it is too well settled that the police have no Jurisdiction to meddle with civil rights inter se parties. 19. It is relevant to note that when the police interfere with the rights of the parties without any lawful or jurisdictional authority, such interference can have serious and far-reaching consequences, not only for larger societal interests but also the very functioning of the police and the discharge of their statutory duties. For instance, if a Station House Officer of a prominent and sensitive police station, along with his subordinate personnel, engages in resolving civil disputes based on his own whims and fancies, without any 22 jurisdiction conferred upon them, it would affect all the stakeholders in the civil disputes and give rise to far more complications. Ultimately, such conduct would also adversely affect the maintenance of law and order and the effective discharge of their own statutory policing duties also which is not good for the societal interest as well as the police department's interest too. 20. In the above scenario, it is pertinent to note different expressions of the Constitutional Courts while dealing with the rights of police in interfering with the civil rights of the parties. In J. Lakshmi @ Lakshmamma and Anr. vs Commissioner of Police6, the High Court of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad reiterated that the police authorities have no jurisdiction to interfere with the disputes or to compel the parties to arrive at a settlement through police intervention. Determination of civil rights and disputes relating to title or possession purely falls within the domain of the Civil Court, and police cannot assume such adjudicatory powers. The High Court, while observing that police cannot interfere in civil disputes, observed as under: “4. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that when the dispute is purely of civil nature, the jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution cannot be exercised. The Supreme Court also repeatedly laid down that when the dispute between the two citizens is of civil nature and no crime is registered, police have no jurisdiction to interfere in the civil dispute. Further, when there is a civil litigation either before the court of law or before the tribunal, the police have no jurisdiction to interfere in the civil disputes. Further, when there is a civil litigation either before a court of law or before a tribunal, the police cannot interfere and even if a complaint is made in relation to such dispute pending in a civil court, the citizens have to be advised to resolve the dispute through a duly constituted court of law. In the scheme of the Constitution of India, the duty to resolve civil disputes is entrusted to judiciary. Police have no such power. Any 62004 SCC OnLine AP 29 23 interference by police in a pending civil dispute or a potential civil dispute between two citizens or two groups of citizens is not within the province of the police. Furthermore, if a cognizable offence is reported to the police, it is the duty of the police to register the crime under Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.,) and take up investigation immediately. In a given case, even if a civil dispute, to say a land dispute, is pending before a civil court and if the quarrel between the two warring parties has a potential of resulting in a law and order problem posing threat to the society at large, the police can always take up the case only after registering the crime under Section 154 Cr.P.C. Without registering the crime and without any reason the police cannot interfere.” 21. In G.B.C. Raj Gopal vs. The Government of A.P., Rep. by the Principal Secretary (2014)7, High Court of Andhra Pradesh, at Hyderabad, while stating that the police have no jurisdiction to adjudicate civil or property disputes inter se, parties opined that: “51. The function of resolving civil disputes is entrusted to the judiciary. Police officers lack jurisdiction to interfere in civil/property disputes between two citizens. Even in criminal case, their role is limited to the registration of complaints and causing investigation. The power to adjudge whether or not an accused is guilty of having committed a criminal offence, and to convict and sentence him therefor, is vested exclusively in the judicial branch of the State. Judicial power cannot be exercised by agencies outside the judicial orbit and, where there is no legislative foundation for exercise of judicial power by a forum, it has no legal capacity to entertain requests for adjudication. Judicial power is a facet of sovereign power and can be conferred only by a Statute or by a Statutory instrument. It cannot be assumed suo motu. No authority may exercise adjudicatory powers absent a conferment of such powers by Statutory instruments. The coercive power of the State may not be employed to adjudicate disputes. (M/s. Janathaem Industries Ltd., rep., by its Public Relations Officer M.S. Ganesan, Vijayawada v. The District Collector, Krishna district at Vijayawada).” 22. Thus, once the statutory powers that are conferred on the Executive Authorities itself come into the plunge with the intervention of Civil Courts, the very fundamental, foundational fact that the police authorities have not been 72014 SCC OnLine AP 322 24 conferred adjudicatory powers under the statutory scheme either in terms of provisions of BNS, 2023 or BNSS, 2023 nor under police laws, police interference with the civil disputes of parties is per-se illegal, arbitrary and absolutely without jurisdiction; moreover, it is diametrically opposed to the constitutional vistas. 23. It is also well settled that where the legal position on an issue stands authoritatively settled by the Supreme Court, it is not necessary to multiply authorities by referring to a catena of judgments reiterating the same proposition. In furtherance of the above settled proposition, this Court is not venturing into referring similar dictums. 24. Yet another facet is that, even as per the data records, though Andhra Pradesh police population is approximately 166.18 per one lakh population, however, as per the United Nations recommendations, a Police-Population ratio of 222 per lakh is required for apt policing. Hence, overall perception also suggests that police, extending their limited forces, infrastructural facilities and professional powers towards non-Jurisdictional arenas, may leads to futile exercise except for the “unjust enrichment” of some of police personnel's interests, which is per se illegal and unconstitutional and also against the letter and spirit of our “Indian Constitutional” tenets, as well as antithesis to “Salus populi suprema lex esto” (Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law). 25 25. Recently, in Rohit Chaturvedi v. State of Uttarakhand8, the Supreme Court of India reiterated that executive action having a bearing upon the personal liberty of an individual must satisfy the constitutional requirement of fairness and non-arbitrariness under Article 21 of the Constitution and held that the exercise of executive discretion affecting liberty cannot be allowed to remain uncanalised and must be based on relevant and rational considerations. Apex Court also emphasized that deprivation of liberty must have a lawful, rational and constitutionally sustainable basis and cannot rest upon a cryptic or unexplained executive decision. 26. In this context, it is apt to note some of the ground realities and problems that existed in our contemporary society, from the backdrop of the colonial phase too. In fact, Sri Upendra Baxi, a renowned law scholar, observed that “the colonial police survived decolonization; it simply changed masters”, highlighting the continuity of the colonial policing system even after India attained independence. The police structure, methods and legal framework largely continued to reflect the colonial model, mainly based on the Police Act, 1861, which was primarily designed to maintain order, control the population and protect the interests of the ruling authority, rather than to function as a citizen-oriented service. Thus, although the British rulers were replaced by an elected Indian government, the basic institutional character of the police remained substantially unchanged. Hence, all the stakeholders contribute their respective support to change the overall existing police 82026 SCC Online SC 865 26 structures from the colonial phase to people-centric policing in the larger interest of modern Indian and turns into Democratic policing, which means a system of policing in which the police exercise their powers within the limits of law, remain accountable to constitutional and democratic institutions, and respond to the legitimate needs and rights of the people. 27. In considered opinion of this Court, after perceiving the overall facts and circumstances of the core issue in the present batch of cases, police are entrusted with the responsibility of protecting life, liberty, rights and public order, but they are not an authority above the people. Police powers are conferred by law and must be exercised fairly, reasonably and proportionately. Thus, the police must act as guardians of the constitutional principles, rather than as rulers exercising unchecked authority over citizens. It is significant to note the dictum of the Supreme Court held in Prakash Singh vs. Union of India,9 which plays a pivotal role in our Indian police reforms. Apex Court, through its thoughtful consideration, formulated seven (07) directives in the Prakash Singh’s case so as to strengthen the existing policing into more professional, accountable and independent from unnecessary interference from other quarters. Eminent legal personality Sri Solij Sorabjee, who was the chairman of the Committee, contributed to formulate the Model Police Act, 2006 (MPA), which was a model draft legislation prepared by the Government of India and circulated to the respective State Governments for enact or amend the existing Police legislations. It seems only some State Governments 9 2006 (8) SCC 1 27 have passed their local Police laws inspired by the MPA, 2006. It is also apt to note that subsequently, the Department-Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs also forwarded its Report mentioning subsequent developments on police training, modernization, and reforms by taking note of previous Police Reforms Committees etc. 28. In essence, when the police interfere with the rights of parties, without any lawful or jurisdictional authority, such interference can have serious and far-reaching consequences, not only on larger societal interests but also the very functioning of the police too. Hence, clear boundaries of functions of law enforcement agencies and judicial functions should be maintained. 29. All in all, from the overall facts and circumstances coupled with statutory regime as well as well-settled legal principles by the Supreme Court and other constitutional Courts, it is unequivocally settled that the police have no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon or determine the civil rights of parties inter se. The determination of civil rights is within the domain of Civil Courts and other legislative-conferred forums only. Accordingly, the core issue is answered. 30. Accordingly, these Writ Petitions are disposed of as under: i. Respondent-Police are directed not to interfere or adjudicate or determine or settle the civil rights of the parties, without legal cause. 28 ii. Respondent-Police personnel to follow the guidelines issued by the Director General of Police, Andhra Pradesh, vide Communication No.76/DGP’s Peshi/2025 dated 24.10.2025 in its stricto sensu. iii. Likewise, it shall be open to the respective parties to work out their legal remedies before the appropriate Civil Courts or competent forums, in terms of the law. iv. It is hereby clarified that, if the police made out any cognizable offences against the petitioners, they are at liberty to proceed in accordance with the law; There shall be no order as to costs. Interlocutory applications, if any, pending shall stand closed. ____________________________________ JUSTICE MAHESWARA RAO KUNCHEAM Date: 06.10.2026 KRK 29 THE HONOURABLE SRI JUSTICE MAHESWARA RAO KUNCHEAM WRIT PETITION Nos: 35458, 35668, 35711, 35723 and 36497 of 2025 Date: 06.10.2026 KRK