IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB & HARYANA 222 Navneet Kumar Kashyap Dharam Dev CORAM : HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE Present :- Ms. for the applicant. VINOD S. BHARDWAJ The present application has been 378(4) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter ‘CR.P.C.’) seeking grant of leave to appeal 13.11.2018 passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate stemming out from complaint Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. 2. It is noticed that the instant appl 2019, however, no one has been entered appearance on behalf of the applicant(s), hence, it is deemed expedient Ms. Tanveen Kaur the Legal Aid Counsel to represent the case on behalf of at a decision. Sh application has been filed against the judgment of acquittal dated passed by the Judicial Magistrate 1st Class, No.RBT-367 dated 27.04.2015/05.05.2017 Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB & HARYANA AT CHANDIGARH CRM-A-18 Date of decision: Navneet Kumar Kashyap VERSUS HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE VINOD S. BHARDWAJ Ms. Tanveen Kaur as Legal Aid Counsel, for the applicant. ***** VINOD S. BHARDWAJ, J. (Oral) The present application has been 378(4) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter ‘CR.P.C.’) seeking grant of leave to appeal against the judgment of acquittal dated passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate stemming out from complaint dated 27.04.2015/05.05.2017 Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. It is noticed that the instant appl , however, no one has been entered appearance on behalf of the t(s), hence, it is deemed expedient to nominate a Legal Aid Counsel, Tanveen Kaur, Advocate, who is present in the Court, is appointed as the Legal Aid Counsel to represent the case on behalf of She has gone through the case file and submits that the present application has been filed against the judgment of acquittal dated passed by the Judicial Magistrate 1st Class, Faridabad 367 dated 27.04.2015/05.05.2017 filed under Section Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. She fairly submits that in view of the IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB & HARYANA AT CHANDIGARH 18-2019 (O&M) Date of decision: 08.09.2025 ...Applicant ...Respondent VINOD S. BHARDWAJ as Legal Aid Counsel, The present application has been preferred under Section 378(4) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter ‘CR.P.C.’) the judgment of acquittal dated passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate First Class, Faridabad 27.04.2015/05.05.2017 filed under Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. It is noticed that the instant application pertains to the year , however, no one has been entered appearance on behalf of the to nominate a Legal Aid Counsel, , Advocate, who is present in the Court, is appointed as the Legal Aid Counsel to represent the case on behalf of applicant to arrive he case file and submits that the present application has been filed against the judgment of acquittal dated 13.11.2018 Faridabad, in criminal complaint filed under Section 138 of e fairly submits that in view of the SUMIT SINGH GUSAIN 2025.09.09 16:14 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document 222 CRM judgment passed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Financial vs. A. Gnanasekaran Etc., 2025(3) RCR (Criminal) 208 applicant would have a reme 3. The complaint (supra) was filed on th cheque of Rs.3,00,000 record, the learned trial Court acquitted the respondent(s) vide judgment dated 13.11.2018 4. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in Gnanasekaran Etc., 2025(3) RCR (Criminal) 208 discussion and comparative interpretation of Sections 372 and 378(4) of Cr.P.C., concluded that the victim has a right to file an 372 of Cr.P.C. before the Court of Sessions. Speaking through Justice B.V. Nagarathna, the following was held: “7.12 see and can be elaborated as follows: Firstly prefer an appeal which cannot be circumscribed by any condition precedent. In the instant case, a victim under Section 138 of the Act, i.e., a payee or the holder of a cheque is a person who has suffered the impact of t a person who is charged of the offence, namely, the accused, whose cheque has been dishonoured. Secondly with the right of an accused who has suffered a conviction, CRM-A-18-2019 (O&M) judgment passed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Financial vs. A. Gnanasekaran Etc., 2025(3) RCR (Criminal) 208 applicant would have a remedy before the Court of Sessions. The complaint (supra) was filed on th ,00,000/-. After assessing all the material available on the record, the learned trial Court acquitted the respondent(s) vide judgment 13.11.2018. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in M/s. Celestium Financial vs. A. Gnanasekaran Etc., 2025(3) RCR (Criminal) 208 discussion and comparative interpretation of Sections 372 and 378(4) of Cr.P.C., concluded that the victim has a right to file an 372 of Cr.P.C. before the Court of Sessions. Speaking through Justice B.V. Nagarathna, the following was held: 7.12 The reasons for the above distinction are not far to see and can be elaborated as follows: Firstly, the victim of a crime must have an absolute right to prefer an appeal which cannot be circumscribed by any condition precedent. In the instant case, a victim under Section 138 of the Act, i.e., a payee or the holder of a cheque is a person who has suffered the impact of t a person who is charged of the offence, namely, the accused, whose cheque has been dishonoured. Secondly, the right of a victim of a crime must be placed on par with the right of an accused who has suffered a conviction, 2 judgment passed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in M/s. Celestium Financial vs. A. Gnanasekaran Etc., 2025(3) RCR (Criminal) 208, the rt of Sessions. The complaint (supra) was filed on the ground of dishonour of . After assessing all the material available on the record, the learned trial Court acquitted the respondent(s) vide judgment M/s. Celestium Financial vs. A. Gnanasekaran Etc., 2025(3) RCR (Criminal) 208, after considerable discussion and comparative interpretation of Sections 372 and 378(4) of Cr.P.C., concluded that the victim has a right to file an appeal under Section 372 of Cr.P.C. before the Court of Sessions. Speaking through Justice B.V. The reasons for the above distinction are not far to see and can be elaborated as follows: crime must have an absolute right to prefer an appeal which cannot be circumscribed by any condition precedent. In the instant case, a victim under Section 138 of the Act, i.e., a payee or the holder of a cheque is a person who has suffered the impact of the offence committed by a person who is charged of the offence, namely, the accused, whose cheque has been dishonoured. , the right of a victim of a crime must be placed on par with the right of an accused who has suffered a conviction, SUMIT SINGH GUSAIN 2025.09.09 16:14 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document 222 CRM who, as a m 374 of the Cr.P.C. A person convicted of a crime has the right to prefer an appeal under Section 374 as a matter of right and not being subjected to any conditions. Similarly, a victim of a crime, whatever must have a right to prefer an appeal. Thirdly insert the proviso to sub condition precedent to be fulfilled by the v which expression also includes the legal representatives of a deceased victim who can prefer an appeal. On the contrary, as against an order of acquittal, the State, through the Public Prosecutor can prefer an appeal even if the compla such an appeal is with the leave of the court. However, it is not always necessary for the State or a complainant to prefer an appeal. But when it comes to a victim’s right to prefer an appeal, the ins the High Court under Section 378(4) of the Cr.P.C. would be contrary to what has been intended by the Parliament by insertion of the proviso to Section 372 of the Cr.P.C. Fourthly circumscribe the victim’s right to prefer an appeal just as it has with regard to a complainant or the State filing an appeal. On CRM-A-18-2019 (O&M) who, as a matter of right can prefer an appeal under Section 374 of the Cr.P.C. A person convicted of a crime has the right to prefer an appeal under Section 374 as a matter of right and not being subjected to any conditions. Similarly, a victim of a crime, whatever be the nature of the crime, unconditionally must have a right to prefer an appeal. Thirdly, it is for this reason that the Parliament thought it fit to insert the proviso to sub-section 372 without mandating any condition precedent to be fulfilled by the v which expression also includes the legal representatives of a deceased victim who can prefer an appeal. On the contrary, as against an order of acquittal, the State, through the Public Prosecutor can prefer an appeal even if the complainant does not prefer such an appeal, though of course such an appeal is with the leave of the court. However, it is not always necessary for the State or a complainant to prefer an appeal. But when it comes to a victim’s right to prefer an appeal, the insistence on seeking special leave to appeal from the High Court under Section 378(4) of the Cr.P.C. would be contrary to what has been intended by the Parliament by insertion of the proviso to Section 372 of the Cr.P.C. Fourthly, the Parliament has not amen circumscribe the victim’s right to prefer an appeal just as it has with regard to a complainant or the State filing an appeal. On 3 atter of right can prefer an appeal under Section 374 of the Cr.P.C. A person convicted of a crime has the right to prefer an appeal under Section 374 as a matter of right and not being subjected to any conditions. Similarly, a victim of a be the nature of the crime, unconditionally must have a right to prefer an appeal. , it is for this reason that the Parliament thought it fit to section 372 without mandating any condition precedent to be fulfilled by the victim of an offence, which expression also includes the legal representatives of a deceased victim who can prefer an appeal. On the contrary, as against an order of acquittal, the State, through the Public Prosecutor can prefer an appeal even if the inant does not prefer such an appeal, though of course such an appeal is with the leave of the court. However, it is not always necessary for the State or a complainant to prefer an appeal. But when it comes to a victim’s right to prefer an istence on seeking special leave to appeal from the High Court under Section 378(4) of the Cr.P.C. would be contrary to what has been intended by the Parliament by insertion of the proviso to Section 372 of the Cr.P.C. , the Parliament has not amended Section 378 to circumscribe the victim’s right to prefer an appeal just as it has with regard to a complainant or the State filing an appeal. On SUMIT SINGH GUSAIN 2025.09.09 16:14 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document 222 CRM the other hand, the Parliament has inserted the proviso to Section 372 so as to envisage a superior right f an offence to prefer an appeal on the grounds mentioned therein as compared to a complainant. Fifthly under Section 138 of the Act is conspicuous by its absence. This is because the co nature of a private complaint as per Section and Section 143 of the Act by an express intention incorporates the provisions of the Cr.P.C. in the matter of trial of such a deemed offence tried complainant, who is the victim of a dishonour of cheque must be construed to be victim in terms of the proviso to Section 372 read with the definition of victim under Section 2(wa) of the Cr.P.C.” 5. Therefore, in view o in Celestium Financial (supra) appeal is remanded direction to treat the same as an appeal filed under Section 372 of the Cr.P.C. and entrust the same to appropriate Court for its disposal on merits. 6. The Registry is directed to send the complete paper the record of the case to the learned Sessions Judge, 7. Disposed of accordingly. Pending any, also stand disposed of. CRM-A-18-2019 (O&M) the other hand, the Parliament has inserted the proviso to Section 372 so as to envisage a superior right f an offence to prefer an appeal on the grounds mentioned therein as compared to a complainant. Fifthly, the involvement of the State in respect of an offence under Section 138 of the Act is conspicuous by its absence. This is because the complaint filed under that provision is in the nature of a private complaint as per Section and Section 143 of the Act by an express intention incorporates the provisions of the Cr.P.C. in the matter of trial of such a deemed offence tried as a criminal offence. Therefore, the complainant, who is the victim of a dishonour of cheque must be construed to be victim in terms of the proviso to Section 372 read with the definition of victim under Section 2(wa) of the Cr.P.C.” Therefore, in view of the judgment rendered by the Apex Court Celestium Financial (supra), the present application seeking leave to remanded to the learned Sessions Judge, direction to treat the same as an appeal filed under Section 372 of the .P.C. and entrust the same to appropriate Court for its disposal on merits. The Registry is directed to send the complete paper the record of the case to the learned Sessions Judge, Disposed of accordingly. Pending miscellaneous applications, if any, also stand disposed of. 4 the other hand, the Parliament has inserted the proviso to Section 372 so as to envisage a superior right for the victim of an offence to prefer an appeal on the grounds mentioned therein as compared to a complainant. , the involvement of the State in respect of an offence under Section 138 of the Act is conspicuous by its absence. This mplaint filed under that provision is in the nature of a private complaint as per Section 200 of the Cr.P.C. and Section 143 of the Act by an express intention incorporates the provisions of the Cr.P.C. in the matter of trial of such a as a criminal offence. Therefore, the complainant, who is the victim of a dishonour of cheque must be construed to be victim in terms of the proviso to Section 372 read with the definition of victim under Section 2(wa) of the f the judgment rendered by the Apex Court , the present application seeking leave to to the learned Sessions Judge, Faridabad with a direction to treat the same as an appeal filed under Section 372 of the .P.C. and entrust the same to appropriate Court for its disposal on merits. The Registry is directed to send the complete paper-book and the record of the case to the learned Sessions Judge, Faridabad forthwith. miscellaneous applications, if SUMIT SINGH GUSAIN 2025.09.09 16:14 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document 222 CRM 8. A copy of this order be sent to the High Court Legal Service Committee for information and necessary action. 08.09.2025 Sumit Gusain Whether speaking/reasoned Whether reportable CRM-A-18-2019 (O&M) A copy of this order be sent to the High Court Legal Service Committee for information and necessary action. (VINOD S. BHARDWAJ) Whether speaking/reasoned : Yes/No Whether reportable : Yes/No 5 A copy of this order be sent to the High Court Legal Service Committee for information and necessary action. (VINOD S. BHARDWAJ) JUDGE SUMIT SINGH GUSAIN 2025.09.09 16:14 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document