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J79 7??:8836 8: 8=3 =79=7, 769=7=<;7AE;<3634356758:$483; 8=3 >7;8<8<:5 :48=3 =:E93 =E9@756 :4 >?7<58<44: =798;75943;;36>;:>3;8C@37;<5A:!!8::53 F33597@ 34356758 :9% 8: " 7;3 <5 >:99399<:5 75635D:CF358:48=39E<8>;:>3;8C7568=3>?7<58<449 6343567589 :9 $ ( 756 ! 7;3 5:8 <5 >:99399<:5 75635D:CF358:48=39E<8>;:>3;8C=788=3C=7B3 5:J 63B3?:>36 8=3 9E<8 >;:>3;8C @C <5B398<5A =EA3 7F:E589@C6<AA<5A@:;3 J3??756G:598;EG8<5A7J3?? J<8= 8=3 =3?> :4 >359<:5 7F:E58 :4 8=3 =E9@756 :4 634356758 :% 34356758 :9% 8: " 7;3 8=E9 8=3 :J53;9<5>:99399<:575635D:CF358:48=3>;:>3;8C 35G39:EA=84:;6<9F<997?:48=39E<8 #! 7936:58=3>?376<5A98=3;<7?:E;84;7F36 8=34:??:J<5A<99E39 1. Whether plaintiffs prove that they inherited the suit property from their ancestors and they are in possession of the same as on the date of suit ? - 14 - 2. Whether they further prove that defendants by creating documents got mutated their name illegally to the suit land? 3. Whether they further prove the alleged interference caused by the defendants? 4. Whether plaintiffs are entitled for suit reliefs as prayed? 5. What order or decree ? #& ?7<58<44 : 3M7F<536 =3;93?4 79 756 4:E; J<8539939 79 9 $ 8: 756 3M=<@<836 9<M8335 6:GEF3589 F7;K36 79 M9 8: " 34356758 :% 3M7F<536=3;93?479 7568=;33J<853993979 9 $ 8:756F7;K365<5383356:GEF358979M9 8: & # 5 7>>;3G<78<:5 :4 3B<635G3 8=3 ;<7? :E;8 759J3;36 <99E3 :9 8: <5 8=3 744<;F78<B3 756 G:593LE358?C 63G;336 8=3 9E<8 79 >;7C36 4:; 3<5A 7AA;<3B36 8=3 634356758 :9% 8: " >;343;;36 7 ;3AE?7; 7>>37? <5 :%$# =3 -<;98 >>3??783 :E;8 4;7F368=34:??:J<5A>:<5894:;G:59<63;78<:5 1) Whether the plaintiffs have made sufficient grounds to show that, the judgment and decree passed by the Trial Court is perverse and capricious? - 15 - 2) Whether the judgment and decree of Trial Court required for interference? 3) What order? 5;3 7>>;3G<78<:5 759J3;368=37@:B3>:<589 <58=353A78<B3756G:593LE358?C6<9F<99368=37>>37?756 G:54<;F36 8=3 DE6AF358 756 63G;33 >79936 @C 8=3 ;<7? :E;8 $ 3<5A 7AA;<3B36 634356758 :9% 8: " 7;3 @34:;38=<9:E;8 % ;< F@3K7; 7>>37;<5A 4:; ;< ' 7?;7D ?37;536 G:E593? 7>>37;<5A 4:; 8=3 7>>3??7589634356758 :9% 8: " 87K<5A 8=<9 :E;8 8=;:EA= 8=3 ;3G:;69 9E@F<8836/ % =78 8=3 ;<7? :E;8 756 8=3 -<;98 >>3??783 :E;8 =7B33;;36<5=:?6<5A8=78>7;8<8<:5G:E?65:8=7B3 @335 3443G836 6E;<5A 8=3 ?<438<F3 :4 7@<97@ 7K8EF97@=<;7AE; 8=3>;:>:9<8E9 %$ =3;<7? :E;8 7568=3-<;98 >>3??783 :E;8 =7B3 47<?36 8: 7>>;3G<783 8=3 >7;8<8<:5 J=<G= J79 3443G836 @C J7C :4 A<48 <5 ;39>3G8 :4 B7;<:E9 :8=3; >;:>3;8<39 79 639G;<@36 <5 8=3 J;<8835 98783F358 4<?36@C8=363435675897>>3??7589=3;3<5=79@335 - 16 - 7G836 E>:5 79 3B<635G36 @C 8=3 ;3B35E3 ;3G:;69 =78 <5 8=3 97<6 >7;8<8<:5 9E<8 9G=36E?3 >;:>3;8<39 J3;37??:88368:8=39=7;3:4634356758:9%8:" J=<G==79@3356E?C;34?3G836<5;3B35E3;3G:;6979 3B<635G378M>3;E97?:4J=<G=J:E?6<56<G783 8=78 8=3 97F3 <9 <5 8=3 578E;3 :4 9388?3F358 ;343;;368:790>7978 785<1 %% =3: :;6<5783@35G=:48=<9:E;8<58=3G793:4 >79936 <5 ! "## =79 =3?6 8=78 G:5B3C75G3 :4 >;:>3;8C @C J7C :4 9388?3F358<9>3;F<99<@?375697F3<9B7?<658=78 B<3J:48=397F38=39E<8:48=3>?7<58<449G:E?65:8 =7B3@33563G;336799:EA=84:; % =788=39388?3F358=7687K35>?7G37947;@7GK79 <58=3C37;&!8:8=3K5:J?36A3:48=3>?7<58<449 756 8=3 9E<8 <9 4<?36 <5 $## 9 9EG= 8=3 9E<8 <9 8<F3 @7;;36 -E;8=3; <5 83;F9 :4 8=3 97<6 9388?3F358 8=3 >:99399<:5 :4 8=3 >;:>3;8C J79 63?<B3;36 8: 634356758 :9% 8: "7>>3??7589 =3;3<5=78 %=7976F<88368=3>:99399<:5:4 634356758 :9%8: " 9 9EG=8=39E<84:; F3;3 63G?7;78<:5 J<8=:E8 G:593LE358<7? ;3?<34 :4 >:99399<:5J795:8F7<587<57@?3756<98=3;34:;3 - 17 - ?<7@?38:@36<9F<9936<583;F9:43G8<:5%:48=3 >3G<4<G 3?<34 G8 79 =3?6 @C 8=3 >3M :E;8 <5 8=3 G793 :4 $ % % &'())#(35G3933K94:;7??:J<5A:4 8=37>>37? ;< 75D33BKEF7; 78<? ?37;536 G:E593?7>>37;<5A4:;8=3;39>:563589>?7<58<449DE98<4C<5A 8=3 DE6AF358 756 63G;33 >79936 @C 8=3 ;<7? :E;8 9E@F<8836/ =789E<89G=36E?3>;:>3;8CJ79>E;G=7936<58=3 57F3 :4 =E9@756 :4 >?7<58<44 : 756 478=3; :4 >?7<58<44 :9$ 8: " =78 7@<97@ 7K8EF97@ =<;7AE; P >;:>:9<8E9 =76 5: ;<A=8 8<8?3 756 <583;398:B3;8=397<6>;:>3;8C99EG==3=765: ;<A=8E563;?7J8:637?J<8=8=3>;:>3;8C3<8=3;8: G:5B3C<8@CJ7C:47>7;8<8<:59388?3F358:;A<48 $ 3 9E@F<89 8=78 <5 8=3 J;<8835 98783F358 634356758:9%8:"=7B39>3G<4<G7??CG?7<F368=3 >;:>3;8CJ79>7;8<8<:5367569=7;39J3;3A<B35@C J7C :4 0A<481 <5 8=3<; 47B:E; ?783; 8=3C G?7<F36 97F3 =7B<5A @3<5A G:5B3C36 <5 83;F9 :4 7 09388?3F3581 9 9EG= 8=3 97<6 98756 <9 <5G:59<98358756FE8E7??C6398;EG8<B3 - 18 - % =785:53:48=36343567589J3;3<5>:99399<:5:4 8=3 9E<8 >;:>3;8C 3B35 79 76F<8836 @C 6F<8836?C 634356758 :9$ 756 % J3;3 :B3;5F3583F>?:C339 =78 8=3 4<B3 *+ J<8539939 J=: =7B3 @335 3M7F<536:5@3=7?4:48=3>?7<58<449=7B376F<8836 >?7<58<449 8: @3 <5 >:99399<:5 :4 8=3 >;:>3;8C ?7<58<4497;3GE?8<B78<5A8=3?756 E878<:5358;<39 J=<G= =7B3 @335 3583;36 @3=<56 8=3 @7GK 756 J<8=:E88=3G:59358:48=3>?7<58<4496:5:8G:543; 75C ;<A=8 9 9EG= 8=3 ;<7? :E;8 756 8=3 -<;98 >>3??783:E;87;3DE98<4<36<563G;33<5A8=39E<8 799:EA=84:; MG3>8 634356758 :9% 8: " 7?? 8=3 6343567589 =7B3 76F<8836 8=3 G793 :4 8=3 >?7<58<449 756 J<8539939 =7B3 @335 3M7F<536 :5 @3=7?4 :4 8=3 >?7<58<449 J=: 76F<8 >?7<58<449 @3<5A <5 >:99399<:5 :48=3>;:>3;8C %<978=<;6>7;8CJ<853999 9EG= 8=3 76F<99<:5 F763 G755:8 @3 @<56<5A : ;<A=8 G75 @3 G;37836 @7936 :5 8=3 FE878<:5 ;3G:;6935G3933K94:;6<9F<99<5A8=37>>37? 15. =<9 :E;8 B<63 :;63; 67836 (#$#$ =79 4;7F368=34:??:J<5A9E@98758<7?LE398<:5:4?7J - 19 - “Whether, under the facts and circumstances involved in the case, both the courts below are justified in granting decree of declaration declaring title of the plaintiffs over the property without possession where the PW.3 in his evidence admitted that the defendant is in possession over the suit land, thus, the suit filed for mere declaration without possession is maintainable as per Section 34 of Specific Relief Act?” " 37;63;E9368=3;3G:;69 ( -;:F 8=3 47G89 57;;7836 7@:B3 756 8=3 9E@F<99<:59 :4 ?37;536 G:E593? 4:; >7;8<39 756 4;:F 8=3 ;3G:;698=3E56<9>E83647G89J=<G=3F3;A37;38=78/ 7 E<8 >;:>3;8C =76 @335 >E;G=7936 <5 8=3 57F3 :4 7K8EF97@,75397@=<;7AE;J=:<98=3=E9@756 :4 >?7<58<44 : 756 478=3; :4 >?7<58<44 :9$ 8: " =78 8=3 97<6 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE; J79 8=3 :5?C 9:5 :4 7@<97@ 7K8EF97@ =<;7AE; 4;:F =<94<;98J<43 =7;<47@< @ 3;E97?:497<66336:497?3G3;8<4<36G:>C:4J=<G=<9 >;:6EG3678M#<56<G7838=788=397F3=79@335 3M3GE836:5##(&(@C:53:E93 :=7FF7697 7567@<97@@:8=9:59:4F7;97@35<A7?*J=:7;3 8=3 F783;57? E5G?39 :4 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE;+ <5G3 8=3 97<6 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE;J797F<5:;=<9478=3;7@<97@ 7K8EF97@ - 20 - =<;7AE; ;3>;3935836 =<F 79 478=3; 756 578E;7? AE7;6<75 ?37;?C 9E<8 >;:>3;8C J79 8=3 7@9:?E83 >;:>3;8C :4 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE; 756 5: :53 8=3;34:;3 G:E?6G?7<F 75C ;<A=8 8<8?3 :; <583;398 :B3;8=3>;:>3;8CE5?3998=397F3J79G:5B3C36<5 8=3 F7553; K5:J5 8: ?7J =3 97<6 97?3 6336 <9 9E@9<98<5A 8<?? 6783 756 8=3 97F3 =79 5:8 @335 G75G3??36 G 3B35E3 ;3G:;69 78 M$ ;34?3G8 8=3 57F3 :4 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE; 8<?? 8=3 C37; $##% $## 8 <9 :5?C <5 8=3 C37; $##% # 8=3 57F3 :4 634356758 :9% 8: " =79 @335 FE87836 <5 8=3 97<6 ;3G:;69 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE; >79936 7J7C:5$#$##$ 6 =3;3 <9 5: 6<9>E83 8=78 :8=3; 9:59 :4 7@<97@ 7K8EF97@ =<;7AE; 57F3?C 634356758 :$ 756 =E9@756:4634356758:%@:;58:=<993G:56J<43 8=3 634356758 : J3;3 8=3 :B3;5F358 3F>?:C339 <5 =3; 63>:9<8<:5 =79 76F<8836 8: 8=3 47G8 8=78 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE; J79 GE?8<B78<5A8=3?7568<??=<963F<93 3 -E;8=3; 9$ 8: =7B3 <5 8=3<; 3B<635G3 63>:936 8=78 8=3 9E<8 >;:>3;8C J79 7GLE<;36 <5 8=3 57F3 :4 7K8EF97@,75397@=<;7AE;8=;:EA==<9F783;57? - 21 - E5G?39 79 8=3 97<6 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE; J795:8A<B3536EG78<:5756J79GE?8<B78<5A8=39E<8 ?7568<??=<963F<93 ! =3 ;<7? :E;8 756 8=3 -<;98 >>3??783 :E;8 =7B<5A 76B3;836 8: 8=3 74:;397<6 47G8E7? 79>3G89 :4 8=3 F7883;<58=3G:59<63;36B<3J:48=<9:E;8=7B3G:F38: 8=3 ;<A=8 G:5G?E9<:5 8=78 8=3 97<6 7K8EF97@ , 75397@ =<;7AE;J798=37@9:?E83:J53;:48=39E<8>;:>3;8C & =3 6343567589 :% 8: " <5 8=3<; J;<8835 98783F358 =7B3 =:J3B3; G:5835636 8=78 ?7569 @37;<5A C:9#" $ $$ $( $( N$ 756 $((%7568=3=:E93>;:>3;8<39@37;<5A:9!!$ 756 ! J3;3 8=3 7@9:?E83 >;:>3;8<39 :4 7@<97@ 7K8EF97@ =<;7AE; @E8 =7B3 5:8 >;:6EG36 75C 6:GEF3589 :4 8<8?3 8: 9=:J 8=78 97<6 7@<97@ 7K8EF97@ =<;7AE;J798=3:J53;:48=397<6>;:>3;8<39MG3>88=3 :;7? 98783F358 @C 634356758 :% J=: =79 3M7F<536 =3;93?479 5:8=<5A<9>?7G36:5;3G:;699EG=8=3 LE398<:5 :4 7@<97@ 7K8EF97@ =<;7AE; G:5B3C<5A 8=3 >;:>3;8C@CJ7C:4A<488=;:EA=>7;8<8<:5J:E?65:87;<93 - 22 - 99EF<5A<497<67@<97@ 7K8EF97@=<;7AE;=76<56336 G:5B3C368=3>;:>3;8C@CJ7C:4A<488=;:EA=>7;8<8<:579 G:5835836 @C 634356758 :9% 8: " <5 8=3 J;<8835 98783F3588=3LE398<:5<9J=38=3;9EG=78;7597G8<:5J79 >3;F<99<@?3E563;?7J $# -<;98 :4 7?? 79 5:836 8=3;3 <9 5: 3B<635G3 :5 ;3G:;68:9=:J8=787@<97@ 7K8EF97@=<;7AE;J798=3 :J53;:48=39E<8>;:>3;8C6F<8836?C9E<8>;:>3;8C987569 <58=357F3:4 7K8EF97@,75397@=<;7AE;<583;F9:4 97?3633667836##(&(79>3;M#<5J=<G=B3;C 7@<97@ 7K=8EF97@ =79 ;3>;3935836 8=3 F<5:; 79 =<9 578E;7?AE7;6<75=3;34:;38=3;3<95:J7C8=787@<97@ 7K8EF97@ =<;7AE; G:E?6 G?7<F :J53;9=<> :B3; 8=3 9E<8 >;:>3;8C<5G3=3<95:88=3:J53;:48=39E<8>;:>3;8C 8=3;3<95:LE398<:5:4=3G:5B3C<5A8=39E<8>;:>3;8C@C J7C:4A<48:;>7;8<8<:5:;3B35@CJ7C:49388?3F358 21. >3M :E;8 <5 8=3 G793 :4 &* ' &*'+ <5),, #-.637?<5AJ<8=8=3G:5G3>89 - 23 - :4 0>7;8<8<:51 756 0A<481 E563; 8=3 >;<5G<>?39 :4 E9?<F 3;9:57? 7J 78 >7;7A;7>= :9" 8: $" =79 =3?6 79 E563; 16. Prior to looking to the above said sources, a general understanding of partition would also be instructive. Advanced Law Lexicon – (P Ramanatha Aiyar 3rd Edition Reprint 2009) defined partition as a separation between joint owners or tenants in common of their respective interests in land, and setting apart such interest, so that they may enjoy and possess the same in severalty. In SHUB KARAN BUBNA V. SITA SARAN BUBNA -( (2009) 9 SCC 689) partition was defined as under: “5. “Partition” is a redistribution or adjustment of pre- existing rights, among co-owners/coparceners, resulting in a division of lands or other properties jointly held by them into different lots or portions and delivery thereof to the respective allottees. The effect of such division is that the joint ownership is terminated and the respective shares vest in them in severalty. 6. A partition of a property can be only among those having a share or interest in it. A person who does not have a share in such property cannot obviously be a party to a partition. “Separation of share” is a species of “partition”. When all co-owners get separated, it is a partition. Separation of share(s) refers to a division where only one or only a few among several co- owners/coparceners get separated, and others continue to be joint or continue to hold the remaining property jointly without division by metes and bounds. For example, where four brothers owning a property divide it among themselves by metes and bounds, it is a partition. But if only one brother wants to get his share separated and other three brothers continue to remain joint, there is only a separation of the share of one brother.” (Emphasis supplied) - 24 - 17. Let us now turn to the position as it is under Mohammedan Law. The right of an heir-apparent comes into existence for the first time on the death of the ancestor, and he is not entitled until then to any interest in the property to which he would succeed as an heir if he survived the ancestor [See: Mulla Principles of Mahomedan Law, 22nd Edition, Chapter 6; Abdul Wahid Khan v. Mussumat Noran Bibi & Ors. – (1885 SCC OnLine PC4). Reference may also be made to the decision of this case in Gulam Abbas v. Haji Kayyum Ali & Ors. – ((1973) 1 SCC 1) wherein a bench of three learned judges observed albeit in connection with renunciation of inheritance as under: “7. Sir Roland Wilson, in his “Anglo Mohamadan Law” (p. 260, para 208) states the position thus: “For the sake of those readers who are familiar with the joint ownership of father and son according to the most widely prevelant school of Hindu Law, it is perhaps desirable to state explicitly that in Mohammedan, as in Roman and English Law, nemo est heres viventis.........a living person has no heir. An heir apparent or presumptive has no such reversionary interest as would enable him to object to any sale or gift made by the owner in possession; See Abdul Wdhid, L.P. 12 I.A., 91, and 11 Cal 597 (1885) which was followed in Hasan Ali, 11 All 456, (1889). The converse is also true: a renunciation by an exepectant heir in the lifetime of his ancestor is not valid, or enforceable against him after the vesting of the inheritance.”” (Emphasis supplied) It is also important to note that the doctrine of partial partition does not apply to Mohammedan Law as the heirs therein are tenants-in-common. Succession is to a definite fraction of the estate in question. A.N. Ray, J. as his Lordship then was wrote in Syed Shah Ghulam Ghouse Mohiuddin v. Syed Shah Ahmed Mohiuddin Kamisul Quadri – ((1971) 1 SCC 597) as follows: - 25 - “20. … In Mohammedan law the doctrine of partial partition is not applicable because the heirs are tenants-in-common and the heirs of the deceased Muslim succeed to the definite fraction of every part of his estate. The shares of heirs under Mohammedan law are definite and known before actual partition. Therefore on partition of properties belonging to a deceased Muslim there is division by metes and bounds in accordance with the specific share of each heir being already determined by the law.” 18. It is acknowledged that Islamic Law has four sources— (i) Quran (ii) Hadith (iii) Ijma and (iv) Qiyas. It is commonly accepted that all Islamic personal law has to derive from these four sources. There is a generally acknowledged division among these four sources as well. The Quran is pre-eminent and deserving of all primacy followed by the other three in that very order. The question involved in these appeals also, of inheritance and/or gift must be decided in reference thereto only. The topic of inheritance has been dealt with primarily under Chapter 4 of the Quran (https://quran.com/4), Al-Nisa. The relevant verses are as under: “4:11 Allah commands you regarding your children: the share of the male will be twice that of the female. If you leave only two or more females, their share is two-thirds of the estate. But if there is only one female, her share will be one-half. Each parent is entitled to one-sixth if you leave offspring. But if you are childless and your parents are the only heirs, then your mother will receive one-third. But if you leave siblings, then your mother will receive one- sixth — after the fulfilment of bequests and debts. Be fair to your parents and children, as you do not fully know who is more beneficial to you. This is an obligation from Allah. Surely Allah is All-Knowing, AllWise. 4:12 You will inherit half of what your wives leave if they are childless. But if they have children, then your share is one-fourth of the estate—after the - 26 - fulfilment of bequests and debts. And your wives will inherit one-fourth of what you leave if you are childless. But if you have children, then your wives will receive one-eighth of your estate—after the fulfilment of bequests and debts. And if a man or a woman leaves neither parents nor children but only a brother or a sister from their mother’s side, they will each inherit one-sixth, but if they are more than one, they all will share one-third of the estate— after the fulfilment of bequests and debts without harm to the heirs. This is a commandment from Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, Most Forbearing. 4:176 They ask you for a ruling, O Prophet. Say, “Allah gives you a ruling regarding those who die without children or parents.” If a man dies childless and leaves behind a sister, she will inherit one-half of his estate, whereas her brother will inherit all of her estate if she dies childless. If this person leaves behind two sisters, they together will inherit two- thirds of the estate. But if the deceased leaves male and female siblings, a male’s share will be equal to that of two females. Allah makes this clear to you so you do not go astray. And Allah has perfect knowledge of all things.” 19. Reading of the above verses reveals clearly with the use of the words ‘leave’, ‘leaves’ or ‘man dies’ that division of property is only possible upon the death of a person, amongst his heirs. There is no prescription as to how the partition of property may take place when a person is alive. 20. One may reasonably conclude, having referred to the primary texts and commentaries on Mohammedan Law, that partition while a person is alive between him and his heirs is impermissible. The manner in which partition is to take place after the death of the ancestor is set out in great detail in the sources of Mohammedan Law however, the same is beyond the scope of the present lis. 21. Sultan Saheb therefore during his lifetime could not have partitioned his property, giving two parts thereof to his sons. The same is not in accordance with law. The possibility of Sultan - 27 - Saheb’s succeeding their father in interest of the said property, could only have arisen in 1978 when Sultan Saheb passed away. When the partition of property would have taken place upon his death in 1978, the appellants as also the respondents herein would have received shares as prescribed under Mohammedan Law. As already observed supra, the only way permissible to Sultan Saheb to have given two parts of his property to his two sons would have been through hiba, the requirements of which have been culled out further ahead in this judgment. 22. Let us now turn our attention to the next question arising for adjudication i.e., the claim of the appellants herein that their father Sultan Saheb had in fact gifted two parts of his property to them. 23. We now examine the law that deals with oral gifts and their validity under Mohammedan Law. A hiba literally means “the donation of a thing from which the donee may derive benefit”. Technically, it is “an unconditional transfer of property made immediately and without any exchange or consideration, by one person to another and accepted by or on behalf of the latter.” (Hedaya, 482). 24. The position of oral gift is well settled by the Courts of law. In ‘Outlines of Mohammadan Law’ ((2009) 6 SCC 160), A.A. Faizee described ‘gift’ as: “A man may lawfully make a gift of his property to another during his lifetime; or he may give it away to someone after his death by will. The first is called a disposition inter vivos; the second, a testamentary disposition. Muhammadan law permits both kinds of transfers; but while a disposition inter vivos is unfettered as to quantum, a testamentary disposition is limited to one-third of the net estate. Muhammadan law allows a man to give away the whole of his property during his lifetime, but only one-third of it can be bequeathed by will.” Ameer Ali defines ‘hiba’ in the following terms: “A hiba is a voluntary gift without consideration of property or the substance of thing by one person - 28 - to another so as to constitute the donee the proprietor of the subject matter of the gift.” While referring to Mohammedan Law, by Syed Ameer Ali (4th ed., vol. i., p.41.), the Privy Council in Mohd. i., p.41.), the Privy Council in Mohd. Abdul Ghani v. Fakhr Jahan Begam – (1922 SCC OnLine PC 18) observed: “For a valid gift inter vivos under the Mahomedan law applicable in this case, three conditions are necessary, which their Lordships consider have been correctly stated thus: “(a) manifestation of the wish to give on the part of the donor; (b) the acceptance of the donee, either impliedly or expressly; and (c) the taking of possession of the subject-matter of the gift by the donee, either actually or constructively.” (Emphasis supplied) This Court, in Jamila Begum v. Shami Mohd., ((2009) 2 SCC 727) reiterated the essentials of valid and complete gift as laid down in Abdul Rahim (supra), ((2009) 6 SCC 160): “23. Under the Mohammedan law, no doubt, making oral gift is permissible. … 13. The conditions to make a valid and complete gift under the Mohammadan law are as under: (a) The donor should be sane and major and must be the owner of the property which he is gifting. (b) The thing gifted should be in existence at the time of hiba. (c) If the thing gifted is divisible, it should be separated and made distinct. (d) The thing gifted should be such property to benefit from which is lawful under the Shariat. (e) - 29 - The thing gifted should not be accompanied by things not gifted i.e. should be free from things which have not been gifted. (f) The thing gifted should come in the possession of the donee himself, or of his representative, guardian or executor.” Mulla on Mohammedan Law – (5th Edition) provides for the manner in which a gift is to be made which are: “by a clear and unequivocal declaration of intention of making a gift made orally or in writing by the donor or his agent, and i. accepted expressly or impliedly by the donee or his agent except in the case of a gift, a. by a guardian to his ward; or b. of a debt to the debtor; and ii. Such declaration and acceptance must be followed by the delivery of possession (actually or, constructively) of the subject-matter of the gift by the donor or his agent to; a. the donee or his agent; or b. To the guardian, if the donee is a minor or lunatic; or c. To the husband if the donee is a minor wife provided that the marriage has been consummated; or d. To the trustees, if the gift is made through a trust. iii. On the delivery of possession, a gift becomes complete, immediately.” (Emphasis supplied) - 30 - 25. The upshot of the above discussion is that there are three essential elements which are necessary for a valid gift deed. They are: a) The gift has to be necessarily declared by the person giving the gift, i.e., the donor; b) Such a gift has to be accepted either impliedly or explicitly by or on behalf of the donee; and c) Apart from declaration and acceptance, there is also a requirement of delivery of possession for a gift to be valid. 26. It is a fact that the requirements for the validity of a gift deed are sequential. One must follow the other. The latter can only hold water if the first one is complied with. In other words, if (a) is not complied with, (b) and (c) would not be of consequence; similarly, if (a) and (c) are met without (b), it would still be of no consequence. In the end, all three conditions must be met. $$ =3 ;<7? :E;8 756 8=3 -<;98 >>3??783 :E;8 =7B3 ;<A=8?C 87K35 5:83 :4 8=3 G:583589 :4 M :(%!J=<G=<56<G7837>E;>:;836>7;8<8<:5@38J335 7@<97@756=<99:59<5;39>3G8:4?75636>;:>3;8<39=3 97<6 6:GEF358 =:J3B3; 6: 5:8 A<B3 75C ;343;35G3 8: 7@<97@@3<5A8=3:J53;:48=3>;:>3;8<397568=78=3=76 G:5B3C368=3>;:>3;8C@CJ7C:47A<488=;:EA=>7;8<8<:5:; =3 =76 A<4836 8=3 97<6 >;:>3;8C @C J7C :4 FE8E7? E563;98756<5A - 31 - $% -E;8=3; 5: 6387<?9 :4 8=3 6783 :4 8=3 7??3A36 >7;8<8<:5:;A<48<9>;:B<636M F3;3?C;343;98=788=3 97F3 J79 G3;8<4<36 @7936 :5 8=3 J7;76< A<B35 8: 8=3 >7;8<39 ;3A7;6<5A 7??3A36 >7;8<8<:5 3<8=3; J7;76< <9 >;:6EG36 @34:;3 8=3 :E;8 5:; 75C ;3B35E3 7E8=:;<8C <9 3M7F<536 $ 3?<75G3 >?7G36 :5 @C 8=3 ?37;536 G:E593? 4:; 8=3 7>>3??7589 8=3 DE6AF358 :4 8=3 : :;6<5783 35G= :4 8=<9:E;8<58=3G793:4 *9E>;7+<9:4 5:7B7<?<579FEG=798=3<99E38=7843??4:;G:59<63;78<:5 <9J<8=;3A7;68:;3A<983;3663369:49388?3F3583M3GE836 @C 8=3 :J53; :4 8=3 >;:>3;8C <5 47B:E; :4 =<9 G=<?6;35 343;;<5A 8: 8=3 634<5<8<:5 :4 83;F 09388?3F3581 >;:B<636 E563;8=387F>G88=3: :;6<5783 35G=:48=<9:E;8 =79=3?68=789EG=757;;75A3F358<95:8>;:=<@<836E563; ?7J=39E@D3G8F7883;:48=3<598758G793<9 G:F>?383?C 6<443;3587566<98<5G84;:F8=3:53J=<G=<9<5B:?B36<58=3 97<6G793 - 32 - $ 95:8367@:B3<58=3G793:4 *9E>;7+ <8 <9 =3?6 8=78 8=3 >7;8<8<:5 756 8=3 A<48 G75 @3 6:53:5?C<58=3F7553;>;:B<6367565:8:8=3;J<93 26. 5:8=3; 79>3G8 :4 8=3 F7883; J=<G= 8=3 ;<7? :E;8 756 -<;98 >>3??783 :E;8 =7B3 87K35 <58: G:59<63;78<:5 <9 634356758 :9% 8: " @3<5A J<43 756 G=<?6;35:463G37936 E=7FF369=7LJ=:<98=3$569:5 :47@<97@8=;:EA==<9$56J<43G755:87GLE<;3;<A=88<8?3 756<583;398:B3;8=39E<8>;:>3;8CF3;3?C:58=3@79<9:4 FE878<:5 358;<39 B<63 :$&( 79 >3; M% <579FEG= 79 E=7FF36 9=7L =<F93?4 =76 5:8 A:8 75C ;<A=88<8?3:;<583;398:B3;8=397<6>;:>3;8C99EG=8=3 LE398<:5:48=3C<5=3;<8<5A8=39E<8>;:>3;8C4E;8=3;J:E?6 5:87;<9358=3B3;C97F3DE6AF358:4 *9E>;7+ 78 >7;7A;7>= % 8=3 7>3M :E;8 =79 =3?6 79 E563; 35. Additionally, the purpose of mutation entry, as is well settled is only limited to revenue records. They do not, in any way, translate to or confer any title in regard to the subject matter property. Some decisions reflecting this position of law are as follows: - 33 - In Sawarni v. Inder Kaur – (1996) 6 SCC 223 – “7. … Mutation of a property in the revenue record does not create or extinguish title nor has it any presumptive value on title. It only enables the person in whose favour mutation is ordered to pay the land revenue in question. ...” In Jitendra Singh v. State of M.P. & Ors. (2021 SCC OnLine SC 802) – “7. Right from 1997, the law is very clear. In the case of Balwant Singh v. Daulat Singh (D) By Lrs., reported in (1997) 7 SCC 137, this Court had an occasion to consider the effect of mutation and it is observed and held that mutation of property in revenue records neither creates nor extinguishes title to the property nor has it any presumptive value on title. Such entries are relevant only for the purpose of collecting land revenue. Similar view has been expressed in the series of decisions thereafter.” This position was recently reiterated by this Court in P. Kishore Kumar v. Vittal K. Patkar – ((2023) SCC OnLine SC 1483)” $( ?9: ;3?3B758 8: ;343; 8=3 DE6AF358 :4 8=3 :51@?3 >3M :E; <5 8=3 G793 :4 / 0 /1 2 3 & +(, + 637?<5A J<8= 8=3 >;39EF>8<:5 :4 G:;;3G85399 :4 ;3B35E3 358;<3978>7;79756=79=3?679E563; - 34 - “14. It is true that the entries in the revenue record ought, generally, to be accepted at their face value and courts should not embark upon an appellate inquiry in to their correctness. But the presumption of correctness can apply only to genuine, not forged or fraudulent, entries. The distinction may be fine but it is real. The distinction is that one cannot challenge the correctness of what the entry is the revenue record states but the entry is open to the attack that it was made fraudulently or surreptitiously. Fraud and forgery rob a document of all its legal effect and cannot found a claim to possessory title. 15. In Amba Prasad v. Abdul Noor Khan – (1964) 7 SCC 800, it was held by this Court that Section 20 of the U.P. Act 1 of 1951 does not require proof of actual possession and that its purpose is to eliminate inquiries into disputed possession by acceptance of the entries in the Khasra or Khatauni of 1356 Fasli. While commenting on this decision, this Court observed in Sonawati v. Sri Ram – (1968) 1 SCR 617, 620 that the Civil Court in adjudging a claim of a person to the rights of an adhivasi is not called upon to make an enquiry whether the claimant was actually in possession of the land or held the right as an occupant: cases of fraud apart, the entry in the record alone is relevant. We have supplied the emphasis in order to show that the normal presumption of correctness attaching to entries in the revenue record, which by law constitute evidence of a legal title, is displaced by proof of fraud.” $! =78 7>7;8 634356758 :9 $ ( 756 ! =7B3 9>3G<4<G7??C 756 G783A:;<G7??C 76F<8836 8=3 47G8 :4 7K8EF97@,75397@=<;7AE;8=3=E9@756756478=3;:4 >?7<58<449 ;39>3G8<B3?C J79 8=3 7@9:?E83 :J53; :4 8=3 >;:>3;8C756J79<5GE?8<B78<:5:48=397F38<??=<963F<93 7567483;=<963F<938=3>;:>3;8C=79@335<5>:99399<:5 :48=3>?7<58<449756634356758:9%8:"788=3<598<A78<:5 - 35 - :4 G3;87<5 >3;9:59 J<8= <?? <58358<:5 =7B3 G;37836 B<:?358 78F:9>=3;3<58=347F<?C7?9:G755:8@3?:989<A=8:4 $& =3 ;<7? :E;8 756 8=3 -<;98 >>3??783 :E;8 =7B37?9:87K355:83:48=363>:9<8<:5:4634356758:% 3M7F<53679 J=:=79>?37636=3;<A5:;75G3798: J=38=3; 8=3;3 J79 7 >7;8<8<:5 <5 ;39>3G8 :4 8=3 ?75636 >;:>3;8C7568=3=:E93>;:>3;8C8<??67837569=3J797?9: 5:87J7;3J=38=3;:;7?A<48J79F763@C=3;478=3; <5 ?7J <547B:E;:4=3;9:59756<58=37@935G3:49=3>;:6EG<5A 75C6:GEF3588:9E>>:;8=3;G:58358<:58=3:E;89=7B3 =3?68=3G?7<F:4 6343567589:%8:":48=3C@3<5A8=3 :J53;9 <5 >:99399<:5 G755:8 @3G:E583575G36 =358=3 634356758 :% J79 5:8 7J7;3 :4 8=3 F:63 :4 7GLE<9<8<:5 :4 8=3 >;:>3;8C @C =3; 47F<?C F3F@3;9 8=3 LE398<:5:49=3G?7<F<5A8:@38=3:J53;<5>:99399<:5:4 >;:>3;8C 7?9: G755:8 @3 G:E583575G36 =3 :8=3; J<8539939 3M7F<536 :5 @3=7?4 :4 8=3 6343567589 =7B3 >?37636<A5:;75G37@:E88=347F<?C7447<;9:47@<97@9 9EG= 8=3 3B<635G3 :4 8=3 97<6 J<8539939 7;3 :4 5: G:593LE35G39 - 36 - %# 9 ;3A7;6 8: 6:GEF358 >;:6EG36 @C 8=3 6343567589 8:3B<635G3 8=3C;3G3<B<5A 8=3 G;:> <59E;75G3 <5 ;39>3G8 :4 9E<8 >;:>3;8C 7??<K7;DE5 757A3; :4 5<:5 75K :4 56<7 =79 @335 3M7F<536 J=: <5 =<9 63>:9<8<:5 =79 >?37636 <A5:;75G3 79 8: J=38=3; 8=3G;:> <59E;75G3 7F:E58=79 @335 G;36<836 8:8=3 @75K 7GG:E58 :4634356758:%:;5:83=797?9:76F<88368=788=3;3 <9 5: F358<:5<5A :4 8=3 9E;B3C 5EF@3; :4 8=3 ?756 <5 ;39>3G8 :4 J=<G= 8=3 G;:> <59E;75G3 J79 G;36<836 <5 8=3 6:GEF3589>;:6EG3678M9756( 7936:58=397<6 3B<635G3 8=3 ;<7? :E;8 756 8=3 -<;98 >>3??783 :E;8 =7B3 =3?6 8=78 8=3 634356758 :9% 8: " =7B3 47<?36 8: >;:B38=3<;>:99399<:5:B3;8=3>;:>3;8C % 58=78B<3J:48=3F7883;79E<84:;63G?7;78<:5 756<5DE5G8<:54<?36@C8=37>>3??7589G755:8@3=3?68:@3 5:8F7<587<57@?37568=3;3?<75G3>?7G36:5@C8=3?37;536 G:E593? 4:; 8=3 7>>3??7589 :5 8=3 DE6AF358 :4 % *9E>;7+<9:45:7B7<? %$ E@98758<7? 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