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High Court of Karnataka · body
2025 DAILYLAW 89012 (KAR)
SRI CHIKKANNA v. STATE BY POLICE INSPECTOR
CRL.A/468/2013 · 2025-07-17
M G Uma
body2025
[ 2025 DAILYLAW 89012 (KAR) · dailylaw.ai ]
[ 2025 DAILYLAW 89012 (KAR) · dailylaw.ai ]
Judgment text
Extracted from the PDF above. The PDF is authoritative.
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Digitally signed by RAMESH MATHAPATI Location: HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA
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ORAL JUDGMENT ,-.//01-2345-/3.6 7 748,-936-798,- 6-.:4-2 5-/3.6 )02;- .4;.67:- ':<.4 318:3/8 .4;.67:- 38= 31 3>50;434; 8,- ?02;>-48 79 /74@3/8374 .42 7:2-: 79 1-48-4/- 2.8-2 ! ! /74@3/834; ,3> 97: 8,- 799-4/- 50431,.<6-042-:-/8374.42 !# %#2%A-/8374 !#%79 8,- :-@-48374 79 7::058374 /8 #97: 1,7:8 +8,- /8+% .42 1-48-4/34;,3>87042-:;7:3;7:7013>5:3174>-4897:.5-:372 79 * >748,1 .42 87 5.= 934- 79 1 97: 8,- 799-4/- 50431,.<6-042-:-/8374798,- /8B87042-:;7:3;7:701 3>5:3174>-4897: >748,1.42875.=934-791*97:
8,- 799-4/- 50431,.<6- 042-: -/8374 !# %#2% A -/8374 !#%798,- /8A38,2-9.0681-48-4/-
:3-9 9./81 79 8,- /.1- .1 >.2- 708 <= 8,- 5:71-/08374 31 8,.8 .//01-2 A.1 A7:C34; .1 11318.48 0< 415-/87: 79 5763/- .8 788745-8 5763/- 18.8374 -4;.60:0 .42 ,- A.1 . 50<63/ 1-:@.48 - 2->.42-2 1 .1 <:3<- 9:7>8,-3497:>.48871,7A7993/3.69.@70:3-47887:-;318-: .4=/:3>34.6/.1-.;.3418,31<:78,-:.426.8-:1/.6-227A48,- 2->.428710:10.48878,-1.>-A,-4& >-8 8,- .//01-2 74 * .8 5> 8,- .//01-2 .;.34
- 3 -
2->.42-2366-;.6;:.8393/.8374.42.//-58-28,-/0::-4/=478-1 8-42-:-287,3><=& ,-:-<=8,-.//01-2,.1/7>>388-2 8,- >31/7420/8 50431,.<6- 042-: -/83741 !# %#2% A -/8374 !#%798,- /8 ! 8 31 8,- /748-48374 79 8,- 5:71-/08374 8,.8 8,- <:78,-:79& ,.2.66-;-287,.@-:-/-3@-28,-1876-4 6.58751 .42 34 8,.8 :-;.:2 8,- .//01-2 <-34; 8,- 79 788745-8 5763/- 18.8374 A-48 87 8,- ,701- 79 & .42 -4D03:-2 .<708 ,31 <:78,-:.:3> & 3497:>-2 8,.8 ,31 <:78,-:A-4887-:.6.,-,.1478:-/-3@-2.4=1876-4.:83/6- .42478873>563/.8-,3>34.4=/:3>34.6/.1- 88,.883>-8,- .//01-2 31 1.32 87 ,.@- >.2- . 2->.42 A38, & 87 5.= 1 97: 478 :-;318-:34; .4= /.1- .;.3418 ,31 <:78,-: ,31 34/32-48 31 1.32 87 <- .<708 2.=1 -.:63-: 87 93634; 79 /7>56.348 3- * 8 31 18.8-2 8,.8 8,- .//01-2 ,.2 ;3@-4,315,74-40><-:.42,314.>-A:388-4344;631,34. /,3887& A,3/,315:720/-2.15-:E ( 8318,- 90:8,-:/748-48374798,-5:71-/08374 8,.8 748,-4-E82.=& ,.2/.66-28,-.//01-27@-:5,74-.42 ,- 2->.42-2 1 1/.6-2 38 27A4 87 97:
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
23:-/8374 87 ;7 .42 >--8 8,- .//01-2 .42398,-.//01-22->.4218,->74-=875.=8,-1.32.>7048 ,- .617 9-68 8,.8 39 .4= 18:.4;-: .//7>5.43-1 & 8,-
- 5 -
.//01-2>.=2-@-67510153/374.428,-:-97:-&8,-<:78,-:
79 & A.1 .1C-2 87 .//7>5.4= ,3> //7:234;6= 5:-8:.5 5.4/,.4.>..15-:E A.12:.A4
8318,-90:8,-:/748-48374798,-5:71-/083748,.8 &1 .42,.2;74-87>--88,-.//01-2,-=A-484-.:. ,78-6.42A.38-297:8,-.//01-2,-.//01-2/.>-8,-:- 66 798,->A-4834132-8,-,78-6.42.98-:17>-83>-8,-=/.>- 708 ,- .//01-2 2->.42-2 97: <:3<- .>7048 & 8-42-:-2 8,- 8.348-2 /0::-4/= 478-1 A,3/, A-:- :-/-3@-2 <= 8,- .//01-2A,7/7048-28,->A38,<78,,.421.42,-628,->34 ,316-98,.4248,->-.483>-& 96.1,-28,-13;4.6878,- 4@-183;.834;993/-:.423>>-23.8-6=8,-4@-183;.834;993/-: .674;A38,&1(.42/.>-878,-1578,-,.42A.1,798,- .//01-2 A.1 8.C-4 34 8,- 17230> /.:<74.8- 17608374 A,3/, 80:4-23487534C/7670:.>56-A.1/766-/8-2.428,-8.348-2 .>7048 A,3/, A.1 34 8,- 6-98 ,.42 79 8,- .//01-2 A.1 :-/7@-:-2042-:8,-8:.55.4/,.4.>.,-.//01-2,.1;3@-4 ,31 -E56.4.8374 .1 5-: E 18.834; 8,.8 -@-4 8,70;, ,- 4-@-:2->.42-2.4=.>7048& ,.197:/3<6=;3@-4,3>8,- >74-=.428,-:-97:-,-,.1478/7>>388-2.4=799-4/-,-
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34@-183;.8374 A.1 042-:8.C-4 .42 38 A.1 97042 8,.8 8,- .//01-2 ,.1 /7>>388-2 8,- .<7@->-48374-2 799-4/- .42 .//7:234;6= 934.6 :-57:8 /.>- 87 <- 936-2 97: 8,- 799-4/-1 50431,.<6-042-:-/83741 !# %#2%A-/8374 !#%798,- /8
,- 6-.:4-2 5-/3.6 )02;- 877C /7;43F.4/- 79 8,- 799-4/- .42 10>>74-2 8,- .//01-2 ,- .//01-2 .55-.:-2 <-97:- 8,- :3.6 70:8 56-.2-2 478 ;0368= .42 /6.3>-2 87 <- 8:3-2 ,- 5:71-/08374 -E.>34-2 &1 87 .42 ;78 >.:C-2 E1 87 * ;78 >.:C-2
1 87 34 10557:8 79 381 /748-48374 ,- .//01-2 ,.1 2-43-2 .66 8,- 34/:3>34.834; >.8-:3.61.@.36.<6-74:-/7:2348,-18.8->-48:-/7:2-2042-:
-/8374! !79:.42936-2,31A:388-418.8->-48/748-4234; 8,.8 ,- 4-@-:2->.42-2 .4= .>7048 .42 8,.8 &1 .42 ,.@- 9.61-6= 3>563/.8-2 ,3> 34 8,- /.1- ,- .//01-2 ;78 >.:C-2 E1 87
20:34; /:711-E.>34.8374 79 8,- 5:71-/08374 A384-11 ,- :3.6 70:8 .98-: 8.C34; 3487 /74132-:.8374 .66 8,-1- >.8-:3.61 74 :-/7:2 /.>- 87 8,- /74/6013748,.88,-5:71-/083743110//-11906345:7@34;8,-;0368 798,-.//01-2<-=742:-.174.<6-270<8.42.//7:234;6=
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5.11-28,-3>50;4-2?02;>-48/74@3/834;.421-48-4/34;8,- .//01-2 .1 18.8-2 .<7@- -34; .;;:3-@-2 <= 8,- 1.>- 8,- .//01-231<-97:-8,3170:8
-.:2 :3 $,:343@.1 6-.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .55-66.48 .42 :3:.1.2 6-.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- :-15742-48 -:01-2 8,- >.8-:3.61 34/60234; 8,- :3.6 70:8 :-/7:21 * 4 @3-A 79 8,- :3@.6 /748-483741 0:;-2 <= 6-.:4-2 /7041-697:<78,8,-5.:83-18,-5734818,.8A7062.:31-97:>= /74132-:.837431
=.41A-:878,-.<7@-5734831+5.:86=348,- 993:>.83@-+ 97:8,-97667A34;
- 8 -
,- 9./81 79 8,- /.1- .1 4.::.8-2 .<7@- 231/671-1 8,.8 38 31 8,- /748-48374 79 8,- 5:71-/08374 8,.8 8,- .//01-2 <-34; 8,- 11318.48 0<415-/87: 79 788745-8 5763/- 18.8374 A.1 34 1-.:/, 79 8,- <:78,-: 79 & .66-;34; 8,.8 ,- 31 8,- :-/-3@-:8,-791876-45:75-:8=.4297:478:-;318-:34;.4=/.1- .42 1,7A34; 8,- 7993/3.6 9.@70: 34 8,.8 :-;.:2 ,- 34383.66= 2->.42-2 1 .<708 2.=1 -.:63-: 87 93634; 79 8,- /7>56.348 .42 ,.2 ;3@-4 .
/,38 /748.3434; ,31 5,74- 40><-:
.42,314.>-A:388-4344;631,87& 48,-4-E82.=& ,.2/.66-28,-.//01-27@-:5,74-:-D0-1834;478873>563/.8- ,31<:78,-:34.4=/:3>34.6/.1-83118.8-28,.88,-.//01-2 8,-42->.42-21.421/.6-23827A4871 ;.34 74 * & .::.4;-2 74- 1;.: 8,- 9:3-42 79 8,- .//01-2 A,7 ,.2 ;74- .42 >-8 8,- .//01-2 4 8,- >-.483>- 8,- <:78,-: 79 & ,.2 /.66-2 1;.: A,7 34 80:4 ;.@-8,->7<36-5,74-878,-.//01-2878.6C87<:78,-:79& .42.88,.883>-8,-.//01-2.;.34311.3287,.@-2->.42-2 366-;.6 ;:.8393/.8374 79 1 87 1,7A 8,- 7993/3.6 9.@70:
,31 >7<36- /74@-:1.8374 A.1 :-/7:2-2 34 8,- >7<36- .42
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8:.41/:3<-2 .1 E .//7:234; 87 A,3/, 8,-:- 31 /6-.: 2->.4297:5.=>-4897:366-;.6;:.8393/.8374 & 31 8,- 3497:>.48 .42 8,- >.8-:3.6 A384-11 87 8,-5:71-/08374-2-571-2:-;.:234;8,-2->.421>.2-<= 8,-.//01-2.<708 2.=1-.:63-:8793634;798,-/7>56.34874 8,- 4-E8 2.= 79 8,- 93:18 2->.42 ;3@34; 79 E .42 .617 .<7088,-2->.42>.2-<=8,-.//01-274 *A,-4 8,- <:78,-: 79 & ,.2 /.66-2 1;.: ,- A384-11 .617 18.8-2 8,.8,-,.2936-28,-93:183497:>.837474 *4.::.834; .668,-1-2->.421>.2-<=8,-.//01-2.422-571-28,.88,- /.>-87<-:-;318-:-25:-8:.55.4/,.4.>..15-:E A.1 2:.A4 -48:01834; ,3> /0::-4/= 478-1 79 1 1>-.:-2 A38, 5,-4765,8,.6-34 57A2-: 23:-/834; ,3> 87 >--8 8,- .//01-2 .674; A38, & ,- A384-11 18.8-2 8,.8 .//7:234;6=,-.674;A38,&A-48.42>-88,-.//01-234. ,78-6 98-: /7>34; 708 79 8,- ,78-6 8,- .//01-2 .;.34 2->.42-2 366-;.6 ;:.8393/.8374 & 8-42-:-2 8,- 5,-4765,8,.6-341>-.:-2/0::-4/=478-1-48:018-287,3>,- 1.>- A.1 :-/-3@-2 <= 8,- .//01-2 A,7 /7048-2 38 A38, <78, ,.421.42,-6234,316-98,.4248,->-.483>-& ;.@-
- 10 -
13;4.6878,-4@-183;.834;993/-:A,7/.>-878,-1578.674; A38,5.4/,.A384-11-1&1(.42-18.8-18,.8,.42A.1, 79 8,- .//01-2 A.1 8.C-4 34 8,- 17230> /.:<74.8- 17608374 A,3/,80:4-23487534C/7670:,-8.348-2.>7048348,-,.42 79 8,- .//01-2 A.1 1-3F-2 042-: 8,- 8:.5 >.,.F.: ,- -E56.4.8374798,-.//01-2A.1.6178.C-4.428,01,-18.8-1 8,.88,-.//01-2,.1/7>>388-28,-799-4/- @-4 8,70;, 8,31 A384-11 ,.1 157C-4 .8 6-4;8, .<708 8,- 799-4/- /7>>388-2 <= 8,- .//01-2 8,-:- 31 .<17608-6= 47 /:711-E.>34.8374 74 8,- >.8-:3.6 5.:83/06.:1 2-571-2 <= 8,- A384-11 $-:= <.62 10;;-183741 A-:- 508 87 & A,3/,.:-.662-43-2<=,3> &318,-<:78,-:79& A,7.//7>5.43-2,3> A,36- >--834; 8,- .//01-2 ,31 A384-11 .617 9066= 10557:8-2 8,-/.1-798,-5:71-/08374:-;.:234;2->.42.42.//-58.4/- 79 366-;.6 ;:.8393/.8374 <= 8,- .//01-2 - /7::7<7:.8-2 8,- -@32-4/- 79 & A38, :-;.:2 87 2->.42 .42 .//-58.4/- 79 366-;.6 ;:.8393/.8374 2:.A34; 79 >.,.F.: 1-3F0:- 79 8.348-2 .>7048 9:7> 8,- /01872= 79 8,- .//01-2 .42 8.C34; 8,- -E56.4.8374 <= 8,- .//01-2 @-4 87 8,31 A384-11 8,-:- 31
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.<17608-6= 47 /:711-E.>34.8374 -E/-58 10;;-1834; 9-A <.62 10;;-183741A,3/,A-:-2-43-2<=8,-A384-11 ! &1( .42 .:- 8,- >.,.F.: A384-11-1 A,7 2-571-2 .<708 2:.A34; 79 8,- 5:-8:.5 5./,.>.>. .1 5-:
E .42 ;734; 4-.: 8,- ,78-6 A,-:- & ,.2 ;3@-4 8,- 13;4.6 .98-: 5.=>-48 79 8,- 8.348-2 .>7048 &384-11-1 ,.@- 2-571-28,.88,-.//01-2A.1,76234;1 A,3/,A.1 -48:018-287& <=8,-4@-183;.834;993/-:A,-48,-=A-48 87 8,- 1578 .674; A38, 8,- 4@-183;.834; 993/-: &384-11-1 15-.C .<708 8,- 5:7/-20:- 8,.8 A.1 97667A-2 A,36- 2:.A34;
8:.55.4/,.4.>. @-4 87 8,-1- A384-11-1 8,-:- 31 .
<.62 /:711 -E.>34.8374 A38,708 2-4=34; 8,- >.8-:3.6 5.:83/06.:1 2-571-2<=8,-A384-11-1 ( & 31 8,- 4@-183;.834; 993/-: A,7 157C- .<708 93634; 79 8,- 93:18 3497:>.8374 <= & 8,- -483:- 5:7/-20:- .2758-2 A,36- 2:.A34; 5:-8:.5 5.4/,.4.>. 8:.5 5.4/,.4.>. 34 8:.41/:3<34; 8,- /74@-:1.8374 97042 34 8,- >7<36- ,.421-8 .1 5-: E ;-8834; 8,- 1.4/8374 93634; 8,- 934.6:-57:8@-4878,31A384-118,-:-31.<17608-6=47/:711
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-E.>34.8374 A7:8, >-4837434; -E/-58 508834; 17>- <.62 10;;-183741.42;-8834;8,-2-43.6 :7> 8,- -@32-4/- 79 &1 .42 38 31 /6-.: 8,.8 8,-A384-11-1,.@-/741318-486=18.8-2.<7088,-34383.62->.42 >.2-<=8,-.//01-2.42.6178,-2->.42.1748,-2.8-79 34/32-48.//-58.4/-798,-366-;.6;:.8393/.8374:-/7@-:=798,- 1.>-042-:8,-8:.55.4/,.4.>..428,--E56.4.8374;3@-4<= 8,-.//01-2.15-:E ,-3:-@32-4/-314781,.C-420:34;
/:711-E.>34.8374 @-4 8,70;, 8,- 6-.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .55-66.48/748-42-28,.88,-:-3134/741318-4/=348,--@32-4/- 79 &1 .42 A38, :-;.:2 87 8,- 56./- 79 8-42-:34; 79 8,- 8.348-2 .>7048 .42 .//-58.4/- 79 8,- 1.>- <= & 10/, 34/741318-4/3-1 .:- 478 >.8-:3.6 /748:.23/83741 87 ;7 87 8,- :778798,->.88-:
7:-7@-: E 31 8,- -E56.4.8374 ;3@-4 <= 8,- .//01-2A,-:-34,-/.8-;7:3/.66=.2>381:-/-358791 9:7>& <08,-8.C-18,-2-9-4/-8,.8 8,-1.>-A.15.32 97:/3<6= 87 ,3> '42-: 10/, /3:/0>18.4/-1 8,- 34/741318-4/= 57348-2 708 <= 8,- 6-.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .//01-2 31 79 47 13;4393/.4/-87231<-63-@-8,-@-:137479-38,-:& 7:&
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&(.42&,.@-157C-4.<7088,-34/32-48.42 .<708 1--34; 8,- .//01-2 :-/-3@34; 8,- 8.348-2 .>7048 9:7> & .42 ,76234; 38 ,31 6-98 ,.42 ,-= .617 15-.C .<708 2:.A34; 79 8:.55.4/,.4.>. 8.C34; 8,- ,.42 A.1, 79 8,- .//01-2 34 17230> /.:<74.8- 17608374 1-3F34; 79 8,- 8.348-2 .>70489:7>8,-/01872=798,-.//01-2-8/ * &.617/7::7<7:.8-18,-@-:137479&(.42& .42.61715-.C1.<708:-;318:.8374798,-2:.A34;795:- 8:.5 5.4/,.4.>. 8:.55.4/,.4.>. ;-8834; 8,- -E56.4.8374 9:7>8,-.//01-2.428,-1.4/83747:2-:9:7>&!875:71-/08- 8,- .//01-2 .42 93634; 79 8,- 934.6 :-57:8 &,-4 8,-:- 31 47 1-:3701 /:711-E.>34.8374 87 .4= 79 8,-1- A384-11-1 A38, :-;.:2 87 8,- >.8-:3.6 5.:83/06.:1 8,.8 8,-= ,.@- 2-571-2 <-97:- 8,- 70:8 27 478 9342 .4= :-.174 87 231<-63-@- 8,- /741318-48@-:137479&1 .42 -.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .55-66.48 /748-42-2 8,.8 &1 .42.:-8,-<:78,-:1.428,-:-97:-8,-=.:-348-:-18-2 A384-11-1 .42 ,-4/- 8,-3: @-:1374 /.4478 <- <-63-@-2 @-4 8,70;, &1 .42 .:- <:78,-:1 8,-3: -@32-4/- /.4478 <- 231/.:2-2 A38,708 /.:-9066= -E.>3434; .42 .55:-/3.834; 8,-3:
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-@32-4/- 8 31 8,- 1-886-2 5:-57138374 79 6.A 8,.8 -@-4 39 .
:-6.8-2 A384-11 2-571-1 <-97:- 8,- 70:8 8,- 1.>- 31 87 <- /74132-:-2/.:-9066=87:06-7089.61-3>563/.8374798,-.//01-2 @-4 .98-: 10/, /.:-906 5-:01.6 .42 /74132-:.8374 79 8,- 7:.6 -@32-4/-79&1 .42274789342.4=:-.17487231/.:2 8,--@32-4/-798,-A384-11-1746=748,-;:70428,.88,-=.:- :-6.8-28774-.478,-: &1(87.:-8,-342-5-42-48A384-11-1A,7 ,.@- 10557:8-2 8,- /.1- 79 8,- 5:71-/08374 ,-:- A.1 .<17608-6= 47 :-.174 97: 8,-> 87 10557:8 8,- /.1- 79 8,- 5:71-/08374 15-:8,--E56.4.837410<>388-2<=8,-.//01-2 34 ,31 7A4 ,.42A:3834; .1 5-: E & ,.1 97:/3<6= 5.32 1 48-:-1834;6= 8,-:- 31 478 -@-4 . 10;;-18374 87 &1 .42348,.8:-;.:2@-44710/,10;;-183743150887 &1(.42A,7,.@-/741318-486=18.8-28,.88,-.//01-2 ,.1 :-/-3@-2 .42 ,-62 8,- /.1, 34 ,31 ,.42
7:-7@-: 47 >783@-7:366A3663110;;-18-2.;.3418.4=798,-1-5:71-/08374 A384-11-1 87 /748-42 8,.8 8,-= ,.2 10/, >783@- 87 9.61-6= 3>563/.8-8,-.//01-2<=5.=34;8,->74-=97:/3<6='42-:10/, /3:/0>18.4/-1274789342.4=:-.17487231/.:28,--@32-4/-
- 15 -
79 8,- 5:71-/08374 A384-11-1 A,7 .:- /741318-48 34 2-57134; :-;.:234;8,->.8-:3.65.:83/06.:13-2->.42.42.//-58.4/- 79 8,- 366-;.6 ;:.8393/.8374 <= 8,- .//01-2 :-/7@-:= 79 8,- 8.348-2 .>7048 <= 8,- 4@-183;.834; 993/-: ,-:-<= 8,- 5:71-/083743110//-11906345:7@34;8,-2->.42.42.//-58.4/- 79366-;.6;:.8393/.8374 -.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .55-66.48 /748-42-2 8,.8 8,- 2->.42 31 478 5:7@-2 <= 8,- 5:71-/08374 34/- 8,-:- 31 34/741318-4/=348,--@32-4/-79&1 .42,-/748-4218,.8 & 31 478 /38-2 .1 . 1,.27A A384-11 34 8,- 5:-8:.5 5.4/,.4.>. .42 8,-:-97:- ,31 -@32-4/- /.4478 <- .//-58-2 4 5-:01.6 79 8,- 5:-8:.5 5.4/,.4.>. E 38 31 /6-.:6= >-48374-2 8,.8 39 .4 342-5-42-48 A384-11 .//7>5.43-1 & 8,- .//01-2 >.= 2-@-675 10153/374 .42 8,-:-97:- 8,- 4@-183;.834;993/-:10;;-18-287&87.//7>5.4=& 831 478.139&.//7>5.43-2& A38,708.4=.08,7:38=<08746= <-/.01-,-A.1,31<:78,-: :-.174.<6--E56.4.83743197042 348,-5:-8:.55.4/,.4.>..187A,=&,.2.//7>5.43-2 &
- 16 -
-.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .55-66.48 /748-42-2 8,.8 -@-48,-93:182->.428,.8A.11.3287<-.<708 2.=1-.:63-:
87 93634; 79 8,- 93:18 3497:>.8374 A.1 478 5:7@-2 <= 8,- 5:71-/08374 4 8,.8 :-;.:2 & .42 & ,.@- /741318-486= 2-571-2 <-97:- 8,- 70:8 & 34 8,- 93:18 3497:>.8374 5:720/-2 .1 5-: E /.8-;7:3/.66= >-48374-2 .<708 10/, 2->.42>.2-.<708 2.=1-.:63-:878,-:-;318:.8374798,- 274789342.4=:-.17487231/.:28,--@32-4/-79&1 .42 34 8,.8 :-;.:2 .1 8,-:- 31 /741318-4/= 34 >.C34; 10/, .66-;.83741 ! @-48,70;,8,-.//01-2,.1;3@-4,31-E56.4.8374 .1 5-: E .8 8,- -.:63-18 57348 79 83>- 18.834; 8,.8 8,- .>7048A.15.32<=& 97:/3<6=3831478-@-410;;-18-287 &1 .42 .42 8,- .//01-2 ,.1 478 5:7<.<3631-2 8,- 1.32 2-9-41- ( 8318,-15-/393//748-48374798,-5:71-/083748,.8 A,-4 8,- ,.42 A.1, 79 8,- .//01-2 A.1 8.C-4 34 17230> /.:<74.8- 17608374 <78, 8,- ,.42 A.1,-1 80:4-2 3487 534C /7670: 8,- 1.>56-1 2:.A4 <= 8,- 4@-183;.834; 993/-: A-:- 1-4897:/,->3/.6-E.>34.8374.428,-:-57:831.15-:E
- 17 -
//7:234;87A,3/,<78,8,-,.42A.1,798,-.//01-28-18-2 571383@-97:8,-5:-1-4/-795,-4765,8,.6-34274789342.4= :-.17487231/.:210/,-@32-4/-56./-2<-97:-8,-:3.670:8 8 31 5-:834-48 87 478- 8,.8 8,- .//01-2 ,.1 ;3@-4 ,31 A:388-4 18.8->-48 .98-: :-/7:234; ,31 18.8->-48 2-4=34; 8,- 34/:3>34.834; >.8-:3.61 .@.36.<6- 74 :-/7:2 042-: -/8374 !
!79:87/748-428,.88,--E56.4.8374;3@-4<=,3>.1 5-:E A.1478,31@76048.:=18.8->-480818:.4;-6=47 10/, 10;;-18374 31 508 87 & 8,- 4@-183;.834; 993/-: 4 10/, A:388-4 18.8->-48 .//01-2 ,.1 :-9-::-2 87 1-@-:.6 /:3>34.6 /.1-1 :-;318-:-2 .;.3418 )04.32 8,- <:78,-: 79 & .42.61718.8-28,.8&1 .42.:-8,3-@-1.42:-/-3@-:179 1876-4.:83/6-146=A38,.4348-48374878,:-.8-48,-.//01-2 <-34; 8,- 5763/- 7993/-: 8,-= ,.@- 936-2 8,- 9.61- /7>56.348 '497:804.8-6= 478 -@-4 . 10;;-18374 34 8,.8 :-;.:2 31 508 87 & .42 & .42 8,-:- 31 47 /:711-E.>34.8374 87 8,-> 74 >.8-:3.65.:83/06.:1 -.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .55-66.48 /748-42-2 8,.8 8,-4@-183;.834;993/-:,.2478,-62.4=5:-63>34.:=-4D03:= <-97:-:-;318:.8374798,-,->.8-:3.6174:-/7:2.428,-
- 18 -
-@32-4/- 79 8,- 5:71-/08374 A384-11-1 34/60234; 8,- 4@-183;.834; 993/-: 231/671-1 8,.8 & ,.2 5:720/-2 8,- >7<36-,.421-8A38,8,-/74@-:1.8374:-/7:2-234381.3287<- ,-62<=8,-.//01-2A38,8,-<:78,-:79& ,-/74@-:1.8374 ;78 8:.41/:3<-2 <= 8,- 4@-183;.834; 993/-: .1 5-: E A,-:-
8,-:- 31 2->.42 >.2- <= 8,- .//01-2 '42-: 10/, /3:/0>18.4/-1 8,- /748-48374 79 8,- 6-.:4-2 /7041-697:8,-.55-66.488,.8475:-63>34.:=-4D03:=A.1,-62 3163.<6-87<-:-?-/8-2 -.:4-2/7041-697:8,-.//01-256./-2:-63.4/-74 97667A34;2-/3137413410557:879381/748-48374 !"#$##%&#"'"(&)"#)*$#(+, -( "#) *$ %*.#/!.&# +*%)0 1#'#2#3) ) 4"#) 5/%*.#/!.&#+*%)6'"(52#3# #7 !#&#%"23&'"("#)*$1)%&! 8(2)) #71!#'"("#)43*'(*$2(((*$1)%&68
1 2025 INSC 736 2 2025 Supreme (sc) 875 3 2023 Supreme (Del) 3555 4 2023 Supreme (SC) 241
- 19 -
* 4 .66 8,-1- 2-/313741 8,- 74+<6- 5-E 70:8 .42 8,-77:234.8--4/,798,3170:8,.12-/32-28,->.88-:174 >-:3818,.1,3;,63;,8-28,-6-;.67:8,-1-886-257138374796.A 8,.838318,-<0:2-4748,-5:71-/08374875:7@-2->.42.42 .//-58.4/- 2->.42 31 342-9-.13<6- 87 <- 5:7@-2 <= 8,- 5:71-/08374 ->.42 .42 .//-58.4/- 31 9 87 <- 5:7@-2.42348,-.<1-4/-795:779792->.42>-:-5.=>-48 .42.//-58.4/-3147810993/3-4887/74@3/88,-.//01-2/.4478 ,.@-.4=231508-A38,8,-1-886-257138374796.A,3;,63;,8-234 8,-1-2-/313741 421("43(2(((1 6 .42 .617 34 :
" '( " 1 : 8,- /70:8 ,.1 :-38-:.8-2 8,- 5:34/356- 79 6.A 8,.8 +5:779 79 2->.42 .42 .//-58.4/- 4--2 478 <- 4-/-11.:36= 5:7@-2 746= <= 23:-/8 -@32-4/-<08.617/.4<-5:7@-2<=/3:/0>18.483.6-@32-4/-+ ! 4 8,- 5:-1-48 /.1- 8,- 5:71-/08374 ,.1 56./-2 23:-/8 -@32-4/- 79 &1 .42 87 5:7@- 8,- 2->.42 .42 .//-58.4/-79366-;.6;:.8393/.8374,-:-97:-8,-/748-4837479 8,- 6-.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .//01-2 8,.8 8,-:- 31 47 5:779 79 2->.42/.4478<-.//-58-2
- 20 -
! 4/- 8,- 5:71-/08374 31 10//-11906 34 5:7@34; 8,- <.13/:-D03:->-481796.A3-2->.42.42.//-58.4/-79366-;.6 ;:.8393/.8374871,7A8,-7993/3.69.@70:<=8,-50<63/1-:@.48 8,-5:-10>58374042-:-/8374798,- /8A706275-:.8- ,-<0:2-41,3981748,-.//01-287:-<088,-5:-10>58374,- .//01-2,.1478:-<088-28,-6-;.65:-10>58374-38,-:<=/:711 -E.>34.8374 79 8,- 5:71-/08374 A384-11-1 7: <= 18-5534; 3487 8,- A384-11 <7E 7: <= 5:720/34; .4= /7;-48 >.8-:3.6 87 5:7<.<3631- ,31 2-9-4/- 8,.8 8,- .>7048 79 1 A.1 97:/3<6= 5.32 <= & 87 9.61-6= 3>563/.8- ,3> 34 8,- /:3>34.6 /.1- '42-:10/, /3:/0>18.4/-1 .> 79 8,- 7534374 8,.8 8,- 5:71-/08374 31 10//-11906 34 5:7@34; 8,- ;0368 79 8,- .//01-2 <-=742:-.174.<6-270<8.428,-:-97:-8,-.//01-23163.<6-97: /74@3/8374 !
.186=6-.:4-2/7041-697:8,-.55-66.48/748-42-2 8,.8 8,- 7:2-: 79 1.4/8374 31 A38,708 .5563/.8374 79 >342 .42 8,-:-97:-8,-1.>-/.4478<-.//-58-2&!318,-.4/837434;
08,7:38= A,7 .//7:2-2 1.4/83741 .1 5-: E * 4 E * 8,- .4/837434; 08,7:38= ,.1 231/011-2 34 2-8.36 .<708 8,- 9./81798,-/.1-8797:>.475343748,.8
8,-:-.:-
- 21 -
>.8-:3.6187/74183808-8,-799-4/-1/7>>388-2<=8,-.//01-2 ,-/748-48374798,-6-.:4-2/7041-697:8,-.55-66.488,.88,- :-9-::-2<=8,-4@-183;.834;993/-:A.147897:A.:2-287 8,- .4/837434; 08,7:38= 7: 8,.8 8,- /748-48374 79 8,- 5:71-/08374 8,.8 34383.66= 8,- .//01-2 2->.42-2 .428,-:-.98-:8,-1.>-A.11/.6-227A4871A.1 4-@-:231/011-2<=8,-.4/837434; 08,7:38=.428,-:-97:-8,- 1.>- 31 A38,708 .5563/.8374 79 >342 /.4478 <- .//-58-2 7:-7@-: 8,-:- 31 .<17608-6= 47 /:711-E.>34.8374 87 &! A,-4 ,- A.1 34 8,- A384-11 <7E -4/- 27 478 9342 .4= >-:381348,-/748-483748.C-4<=8,-.//01-2 !! 8 8,31 18.;- 6-.:4-2 /7041-6 97: 8,- .55-66.48 10<>3818,.88,-.55-66.4831.;-2=-.:1.421099-:34;9:7> @.:3701.36>-481,-,.1>-8A38,.4.//32-48.42042-:;74- 10:;-:= ,-:-97:- ,- 5:.=1 97: 1,7A34; 6-43-4/= 34 1-48-4/34;8,-.//01-2 !( ,.@- ;74- 8,:70;, 8,- 3>50;4-2 ?02;>-48 79 /74@3/8374.427:2-:791-48-4/-5.11-2<=8,-:3.670:88 ,.18.C-43487/74132-:.83748,->.8-:3.6174:-/7:2345:75-: 5-:15-/83@-.425:7/--2-287/74@3/88,-.//01-297:8,-.<7@-
- 22 -
1.32799-4/-18,.11-48-4/-28,-.//01-287042-:;7:3;7:701 3>5:3174>-48 97: . 5-:372 79 -3;,8 >748,1 .42 5.= 934- 79 197:8,-799-4/-50431,.<6-042-:-/8374798,- /8 .42 1-48-4/-2 87 042-:;7 9398--4 >748,1 .42 5.= 934- 79 1*97:8,-799-4/-042-:-/8374 !# %#2%A-/8374 !#%798,- /8A38,2-9.0681-48-4/-14/74132-:.837479 >.8-:3.61 74 :-/7:2 8,31 70:8 31 79 8,- 7534374 8,.8 8,- .//01-2 >.= <- 1-48-4/-2 A38, >343>0> 1-48-4/- 79 13E >748,197:8,-799-4/-042-:-/837479 /8.4274-=-.:
*97:8,-799-4/-042-:-/8374 !# %#2%:-.2A38, !#%798,- /8 ! '42-:10/,/3:/0>18.4/-1.>798,-75343748,.8 8,-.55-.65:-9-::-2<=8,-.55-66.483163.<6-87<-.667A-234 5.:8 //7:234;6= .41A-: 8,- .<7@- 57348
.425:7/--2875.118,-97667A34;
#3% ,-.55-.631
#33% ,- ?02;>-48 79 /74@3/8374 2.8-2 ! ! 5.11-23456 7 748,-936-798,-6-.:4-25-/3.6
*Deleted vide Court order dated 12.08.2025
- 23 -
)02;- .4;.67:- ':<.4 318:3/8 .4;.67:- 38= 31 ,-:-<= /7493:>-2
#333% 7A-@-:8,-7:2-:791-48-4/-5.11-2<=8,-:3.6 70:831>72393-2.1042-:
#.% ,- .55-66.48 31 1-48-4/-2 87 042-:;7 3>5:3174>-48 97: . 5-:372 79 >748,1 97: 8,- 799-4/-50431,.<6-042-:-/837479 /8.4287 042-:;713>56-3>5:3174>-4897:.5-:37279 =-.:
* 97: 8,- 799-4/- 042-: -/8374 !# %#2% :-.2 A38, -/8374 !#%79 /8
#3@% ,-78,-:5.:8798,-7:2-:791-48-4/-5.11-2<= 8,-:3.670:831/7493:>-2 -;318:= 87 1-42 <./C 8,- .674; A38, /75= 79 8,31 ?02;>-4897:3497:>.8374.4297:4--2906./8374
+, '%%(
" $318 7 6 7
*Deleted vide Court order dated 12.08.2025