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High Court of Karnataka · body
2025 DAILYLAW 63231 (KAR)
IRANNA v. THE UNION OF INDIA
WP/203815/2025 · 2025-12-02
M G S Kamal
body2025
[ 2025 DAILYLAW 63231 (KAR) · dailylaw.ai ]
[ 2025 DAILYLAW 63231 (KAR) · dailylaw.ai ]
Judgment text
Extracted from the PDF above. The PDF is authoritative.
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F729<=7C 9: ?B=6 26B 3?73<3B =?79 89?7<687 ;=72 6<43? 6?B 9F5<9
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=H6C>F< 6BB<3443B 79 723 <9H387 =<3879< 6?B 3>F7C 3?3<6A 6?6E3< (382) 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 9: ?B=6 ;23<3=? =7 =4 D3?7=9?3B 7267 723 J38F7=@3 ?E=?33< 264 26?B3B 9@3< 723 <96B 47<3782 :<9D ++ 79 #$$+++ A9?E ;=72 723 46=B A3773< B376=A4 9: <96B :F<?=7F<386<<=6E3;6C6?B723><343?7>94=7=9?9:723<96B 89?B=7=9? ;=72 B376=A4 ;3<3 6A49 3?8A943B 3 6A49 <3:3<4 79 6 A3773< B673B +#+$ ><9BF83B 67
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??3JF<379723;<=7>37=7=9?;2=82=4 =44F3B6E6=?5C 723 ::=83 9: J38F7=@3 ?E=?33< 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 =@=4=9?=H6C6>F<6BB<3443B79<9H387=<3879<67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 9: ?B=6 >>6<3?7AC >F<4F6?7 79 =?:9<D67=9?49FE275C72367=9?6A=E2;6C4F729<=7C9:
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- 23 -
B673B $+"#+ 6BB<3443B 79 723 >38=6A 6?B 8IF=4=7=9? ::=83< 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C =?= =B26? 9FB26 8A6<=:C=?E 7267 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C 7<37829:#!264533?26?B3B9@3<79723F5A=8*9<G4 3>6<7D3?7 @=B3 A3773< B673B #$+##++$ 6:73< 723 46=B 7673 =E2;6C ;64 F>E<6B3B 79 67=9?6A =E2;6C 23<36:73<72367=9?6A=E2;6C4F729<=7C=H6C6>F<264 ?97 68IF=<3B 6?C A6?B 267 ;2=A3 26?B=?E 9@3< 723 46=B 47<37827972367=9?6A=E2;6C4F729<=7C6AA723<389<B4 26@36A49533?26?B3B9@3<6?B?9<389<B46<36@6=A65A3 =?723=<9::=83
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- 24 -
6A49533?6<<=@3B675C723<34>9?B3?767=9?6A=E2;6C4 F729<=7C $ 3 6A49 <3:3<4 79 723 B98FD3?7 ><9BF83B 67 >6E3 "& 79 "! 9: 723 ;<=7 >37=7=9? ;2=82 6<3 723 5=AA 6547<687 <6=43B 5C 89?4FA7=?E ?E=?33< 6?B 6AF3<4 6BB<3443B 79 723 <9H387 =<3879< 9: 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C?B=679;6<B42=443<@=83826<E34:9<@6AF=?E723 ><9>3<7=34 68IF=<3B :9< 723 >F<>943 9: 89?47<F87=9? 9: 67=9?6A=E2;6C ! ??3JF<3 =4 723 89<<34>9?B3?83 B673B ##+#+! 537;33?
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37=7=9?3<4 26@3 86F43B =44F3 9: 6 ?97=83 79 723=< A6;C3<4 79 723 <34>9?B3?767=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C433G=?E89D>3?467=9?<3>AC7972346D3264
- 25 -
533? 86F43B =44F3B 9? 5326A: 9: 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C B673B +"+#+# ? 723 46=B <3>AC =7 =4 89?73?73B 7267 723 A6?B4 ;3<3 68IF=<3B 5C 723 44=476?7 9DD=44=9?3<6?B6?B8IF=4=7=9? ::=83<?B=9?5326A:
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- 26 -
;64 89?73?73B 7267 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C B=B ?97 68IF=<3 723 A6?B 6?B =7 ;64 723 7673 =E2;6C F729<=7C ;2=8226B68IF=<3B723A6?B + 2F4 <3:3<<=?E 79 72343 B98FD3?74 A36<?3B 89F?43A =?4=474 7267 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 26@=?E F7=A=43B 723 A6?B B3D9A=423B 723 ><9>3<7C 89?47<F873B 723 <96B 86??97 ?9; 42C 6;6C :<9D 723 <34>9?4=5=A=7C 9: >6C=?E 723 89D>3?467=9? 6<7=8FA6<AC =? 723 A=E27 9: 723 89<<34>9?B3?83 3D6?67=?E :<9D 723 J38F7=@3?E=?33<67=9?6A=E2;6C4=@=4=9?=H6C6>F< 8A6<=:C=?E 7267 723C ?97 26@=?E 68IF=<3B 723 A6?B :9< 723 >F<>943 9: 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 23<3:9<3 23 4F5D=7464>38=:=8<34>9?4=5=A=7C7953:=J3B9?72367=9?6A =E2;6C4F729<=7C79>6C72389D>3?467=9?=?73<D49: 723A6;6>>A=865A3=?723D6773< 23 A36<?3B 89F?43A :9< 723 >37=7=9?3< 6A49 <3A=3BF>9?7239<B3<B673B+#+"#+# >6443B5C723
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3?7<6A 9@3<?D3?7 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4
- 29 -
F729<=7C 264 D3<3AC =D>A3D3?73B 723 ><9H387 6?B =7 264 ?9768IF=<3B723A6?B648A6=D3B5C723>37=7=9?3<43?83 23 4F5D=74 7267 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 264 ?9 <9A379>A6C=?68IF=<=?E723A6?B4=?IF347=9? 36<?3B 89F?43A :9< 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 6A49 <3:3<4 79 723 9<B3< >6443B 5C 723 >3J 9F<7=?72386439:)4,!$(!5
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><9@=B=?E :9< 723 =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 79 86<<C 9F7 4F<@3C =? 3J3<8=43 9: >9;3< F?B3< 387=9?#"9:723
9?7<9A9:67=9?6A=E2;6C4(6?B6?B <6::=8)87#++#:9<<3D9@6A9:F?6F729<=43B988F>67=9? 49 7267 723 2=E2;6C4 6<3 8A36< 9: 3?8<9682D3?74 23<3:9<3234F5D=7472677238A36<6?839:3?8<9682D3?74 =?8AFB=?E B3D9A=7=9? 9: 723 29F43 9: 723 >37=7=9?3<4 ;64 86<<=3B9F7=?73<D49:72346=B><9@=4=9? " 36<?3B 89F?43A <= 3H9 943>2 39<E3 :6=<AC 4F5D=74 7267 ;23723< 9< ?97 723 A6?B =4 68IF=<3B 9< 3?7<F473B 79 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C ;23?3@3< 723 B3D9A=7=9? 9: 47<F87F<34 3J=47=?E 9? 723 9@3<?D3?7
- 30 -
A6?B 9? >F<>9<73B ><3D=43 9: 46D3 26@=?E 533? 3?8<96823BF>9?=486<<=3B9F789D>3?467=9?=4<3IF=<3B 79 53 >6=B 5C 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 3 29;3@3< 4F5D=74 7267 64 <3E6<B4 723 >6CD3?7 9:
89D>3?467=9? =? <34>387 9: A6?B =4 89?83<?3B ?9 A=65=A=7C 86?53:6473?3BF?A344723A6?B=468IF=<3B5C72367=9?6A =E2;6C4F729<=7C:9<723>F<>9439:89?47<F87=9?9:723 29F43;2=82=4?977238643 $ 36<?3B BB=7=9?6A 9@3<?D3?7 B@98673 <3:3<<=?E 79 723 @3<C 46D3 89<<34>9?B3?83 ?6D3AC A3773< B673B#$+&#+ 6?B+#+$=44F3B5C723J38F7=@3 ?E=?33<67=9?6A=E2;6C=@=4=9?=H6C6>F<=?4=4747267 723 7673 264 ?9 <9A3 =? 68IF=<=?E 723 A6?B 6?B =7 =4 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C F729<=7C ;2=82 264 68IF=<3B 6?B B3@3A9>3B 723 A6?B =?79 67=9?6A =E2;6C A=65A3 :9< >6CD3?79:89D>3?467=9? !
36<B3<F43B723<389<B4
- 31 -
23>9=?7472676<=43:9<89?4=B3<67=9?6<3 (=) *23723< 723>37=7=9?3<4 26@3 D6B3 9F7 6 8643 9: <34>9?B3?7 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 68IF=<=?E 723 A6?B 6?B 53=?E A=65A379>6C72389D>3?467=9?N (==) *23723< 723 <34>9?B3?7
67=9?6A =E2;6C4F729<=7C26@3D6B39F768643 9: 723C 26@=?E 533? D3<3AC 26?B3B 9@3< 3?7<F473B 723 A6?B 5C 723 7673 =E2;6C F729<=7=34 6?B 723 3?7<6A 9@3<?D3?7=?73<D49:?97=:=867=9?B673B +#+ N (===) *2679<B3<N
#+ 23<3=4?9B=4>F739:723:687726772347<3782 ;2=82 =4 ?9; 86AA3B 6?B G?9;? 64 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 7<3782 9#! 537;33? =H6C6>F<6 , FD?656B 6A65F<6E=537;33?723>9=?7 +++79&!+++ =46B38A6<3B67=9?6A=E2;6C2346=B47<3782264533? B=@=B3B =?79 7;9 B=@=4=9?4 %=<47AC 537;33? 723 >9=?7 +++ GD 79 #$$+++ GD ;2=82 :6AA4 ;=72=? =H6C6>F< B=@=4=9?;=72=?;2=82723><9>3<7=349:723>37=7=9?3<4;3<3 A98673B 23 9723<47<3782=4 537;33? 723 #$$+++ 79 &!+++;2=82:6AA4;=72=?7236A65F<6E=B=@=4=9?6?B
- 32 -
=4?97>3<76=?=?E79723>37=7=9?3<47=46A49?97=?B=4>F73 7267<34>9?B3?7946?B&67=9?6A=E2;6C4F729<=7C 86<<=3B9F7723B3D9A=7=9?9:72347<F87F<345F=AB=?E46?B 723 29F434 53A9?E=?E 79 723 >37=7=9?3<4 BF<=?E 87953< #+! ;=72 723 >9A=83 644=476?83 9 6A49 723<3 =4 ?9 B=4>F73 9: 723 :687 7267 53:9<3 86<<C=?E 9F7 4F82 6 B3D9A=7=9? B<=@3 723 <34>9?B3?7 94 6?B & 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 26B 9576=?3B 6 @6AF67=9? <3>9<7:<9D 9?3 ?E6B=
26<73<3B ?E=?33< 6?B 9@3<?D3?7 3E=473<3B6AF3<6?B
9?4FA76?7;2926B4F5D=773B2=4 B376=A3B@6AF67=9?<3>9<764><9BF83B5C723>37=7=9?3<467 ??3JF<3 9 72=4 3J73?7 723<3 =4 ?9 B=4>F73 7267 <34>9?B3?7 94 6?B & 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 26@=?E 76G3? 9@3< 723 A6?B 6?B 723 47<F87F<3 3J=47=?E 723<39?264:9<D3B67=9?6A=E2;6C # 4 :6=<AC 4F5D=773B 5C 723 A36<?3B 89F?43A 6>>36<=?E :9< 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C =7 =4 723=< <34>9?4=5=A=7C 79 >6C 723 89D>3?467=9? =? <34>387 9: 723 47<F87F<3;2=823J=473B9?72346=BA6?B
- 33 -
## 4 <3E6<B4 723 A6?B 9@3< ;2=82 723 46=B 47<F87F<3 3J=473B 723<3 =4 6 B=4>F73 64 79 ;29 264 68IF=<3B723A6?B=?IF347=9??9723<;9<B4;23723<723 68IF=4=7=9?9:A6?B;645C72367=9?6A=E2;6C4F729<=7C 9?7239<72376739@3<?D3?7N383446<C79<3:3<79723 89?73?74 9: 89<<34>9?B3?83 3D6?67=?E :<9D 723 ::=83 9:
J38F7=@3 ?E=?33< 67=9?6A =E2;6C =@=4=9? =H6C>F<6 B673B #$+&#+ 6BB<3443B 64 >3< ??3JF<3 79 723 <9H387 =<3879< 6?B 3>F7C 3?3<6A 6?6E3< <36B4 64 F?B3<
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- 34 -
86<<=6E3;6C 6?B ><343?7 >94=7=9? 9: <96B 79 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4F729<=7C #& ?9723< 89<<34>9?B3?83 B673B +#+$ 6E6=?
=44F3B :<9D 723 ::=83 9: J38F7=@3 ?E=?33< 67=9?6A =E2;6C =@=4=9? =H6C>F<6 6BB<3443B 79 723 <9H387 =<3879< 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 64 >3< ??3JF<3<36B464F?B3<
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- 35 -
?E=?33<29;3@3<264B38A6<3B7267723B=@=4=9?264?97 68IF=<3B 6?C A6?B :9< 723 659@3 46=B <96B4 7 =4 72=4 89<<34>9?B3?83 ;2=82 =4 236@=AC <3A=3B F>9? 5C 723 67=9?6A=E2;6C4F729<=7C79B=476?83723D43A@34:<9D 723 6AA3E67=9? 9: 723C 26@=?E 68IF=<3B 723 A6?B ? :F<723<6?83 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 264 6A49 <3A=3B F>9? 723 ?97=:=867=9? B673B +#+ ><9BF83B 67 ??3JF<3 23 46=B ?97=:=867=9? =44F3B 5C 723 =?=47<C 9:96B<6?4>9<76?B=E2;6C4;2=82<36B464F?B3< 2: ..;4/6- &
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- 36 -
#"
A36<AC 723 46=B ?97=:=867=9? =?B=86734 7267 723 47<378267=9?6A=E2;6C#+!537;33?=H6>F<FA56<E6 9D?656B 4387=9? 264 533? K3?7<F473BL 79 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4F729<=7C9:?B=65C723
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- 37 -
# %<9D 723 D673<=6A 3J7<6873B 23<3=?659@3 6?B 723 ><9@=4=9?4 9: 387=9?4 6?B 9: 723 87 64 <3:3<<3B 79 659@3 ;267 3D3<E34 =4 7267 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4F729<=7C;9FABE37723A6?B4@3473B=?=7=?723 :9<D 9: 46D3 26@=?E 533? 26?B3B 9@3< 3?7<F473B =? 73<D4 9: ?97=:=867=9? 387=9? 723<3:9<3 B934 ?97 89?73D>A673 68IF=4=7=9? 9: 723 A6?B 5C 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4F729<=7C9;3@3<387=9?9:72387 ;9FAB=?B=867372676?CA6?B<3IF=<3B5C7236F729<=7C:9< B=4826<E=?E=74:F?87=9?F?B3<72=487426AA53B33D3B79 53 ?33B3B :9< >F5A=8 >F<>9434 6?B 4F82 A6?B D6C 53 68IF=<3B :9< 723 6F729<=7C F?B3< 723 ><9@=4=9?4 9: 723 67=9?6A=E2;6C487 " + BD=773BAC ><=9< 79 F>E<6B67=9? 9: 72=4 7673 =E2;6C#7972367=9?6A=E2;6C72346D3;64;=72=? 723 7673 =E2;6C F729<=7C 23 89<<34>9?B3?834 <3:3<<3B 79 659@3 B673B #&+$#+ 6?B +#+$ =?B=8673 7267 723 7673 =E2;6C F729<=7C ?6D3AC 6?B 26?B3B 9@3< 723 46=B 47<3782 79 723 67=9?6A
- 38 -
=E2;6C4 F729<=7C 5F7 5972 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 64 ;3AA 64 723 7673 =E2;6C F729<=7=34 6<3 42C=?E6;6C:<9DB=48A94=?E6479;29=?B33B26468IF=<3B 723A6?BA36@=?E723>37=7=9?3<4=?723476739:F?83<76=?7C 79 433G 89D>3?467=9? *23? 6BD=773BAC 723 47<F87F<34 3J=47=?E 9? 723 A6?B4 ;3<3 6443443B @6AF67=9?4 ;3<3 86<<=3B 9F7 5C 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 6?B =7 =4 72367=9?6A=E2;6C4F729<=7C;2=82264B3D9A=423B723 47<F87F<34 6?B 5F=AB=?E4 3J=47=?E 723<39? =7 ;64 =?8FD53?7F>9?723 67=9?6A=E2;6C4 F729<=7C 79 26@3 @3<=:=3B6479;29D723A6?B53A9?E3B2=4=4>6<7=8FA6<AC =? @=3; 9: 723 :687 7267 723 B3D9A=7=9? 9: 723 5F=AB=?E4 26@376G3?>A683BF<=?E723D9?729: 87953<#+!72=4 =4 3D6?67=?E :<9D 723 A3773< B673B ##+#+! =44F3B 5C 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 79 723 3>F7C 9DD=44=9?3<=H6C6>F<6><9BF83B67??3JF<379723 ;<=7>37=7=9?;23<3=?723<34>9?B3?767=9?6A=E2;6C4 F729<=7C 264 49FE27 ?383446<C >9A=83 ><97387=9? 6?B 6BD=?=47<67=@3 4F>>9<7 9: 4 R =D=73B 723=<
- 39 -
<3><343?767=@34 BF<=?E 723 3?8<9682D3?7 <3D9@6A 6?B 3J38F7=9?9:;9<G2389<<34>9?B3?83B673B+#+$ ><9BF83B 67 ??3JF<3 64 3J7<6873B 659@3 ;9FAB =?B=8673 7267 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C =743A: 26B 49FE27=?:9<D67=9?6479;2926B68IF=<3B723A6?B;2=82 ;64 D37 ;=72 6 <3>AC 5C 723 J38F7=@3 ?E=?33< 9? +#+$ 64 ?973B 659@3 =?B=867=?E 7267 723 B=@=4=9? 264 ?97 68IF=<3B 723 46=B A6?B ? 9723< ;9<B4 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C ;64 @3<C ;3AA ;=72=? =74 G?9;29;
3@3? ;23? =7 9576=?3B 723 @6AF67=9?
9: 723 5F=AB=?E4 6?B 47<F87F<34 BF<=?E 723 D9?72 9: 87953< #+$ 7267 723 767326B?9768IF=<3B723A6?B 23<3:9<3& 72=4
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7267 =7 B934 ?97 A=3 =? 723 D9F72 9: 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C ?9; 79 89?73?B 7267 723C 6<3 ?97 6;6<3 64 79 ;2926B68IF=<3B723A6?B # 239?05A3>3J
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(* "A6C=?E B9;? - 40 -
723 <=E274 9: 6 8=7=M3? A94=?E 723 A6?B :9< 723 >F5A=8 >F<>943426423AB67>6<6E<6>2+64F?B3< ; -
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- 41 -
2389?47=7F7=9?6A<=E2779><9>3<7CEF6<6?733B F?B3<<7=8A3++9:723
9?47=7F7=9?9:?B=63?@=46E346 89<<34>9?B=?E95A=E67=9?9?7237673F729<=7=34793?4F<3 7267A6?BA943<46<389D>3?4673BHF47AC6?B=?6889<B6?83 ;=72 A6; 7673 7267 799 6? 3?7=7C 64 7267 9: 67=9?6A =E2;6C4F729<=7C86??9753236<B7946C7267=7=4?97=74 <34>9?4=5=A=7C 79 3@3? 6483<76=? 29; B=B =7 E37 723 A6?B D9<349;23?72346=B6F729<=7C=743A:26B49FE27:9<723 8A6<=:=867=9? :<9D 723 7673 F729<=7=34 64 79 ;29 26B 68IF=<3B 723 A6?B 6?B 723 46D3 ;64 53:=77=?EAC <3>A=3B 23 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C =? 723 :6874 6?B 8=<8FD476?834 9: 723 D6773< 86??97 76G3 423A73< F?B3< 387=9? 9: 723 87 6?B 723 ?97=:=867=9? B673B +#+ ><9BF83B67??3JF<37989?73?B7267723 A6?B4 ;3<3 D3<3AC 3?7<F473B 79 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C & ? 723 A=E27 9: ><9@=4=9? 9: 387=9? 9: 723 6?BF?B3<7238=<8FD476?834=7426AA53B33D3B7267 A6?B 9: 723 >37=7=9?3<4 ;3<3 ?33B3B :9< 5C 67=9?6A
- 42 -
=E2;6C4 F729<=7C:9< >F5A=8 >F<>9436?B 46D3426AA 53 68IF=<3B64><9@=B3B723<3F?B3< 6@=?E 46=B 7267 =7 =4 9>3? :9< 723 67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 79 3?IF=<3 6?B 6483<76=? 64 79 ;29 68IF=<3B723A6?B6?B=:=7=4:9F?B726768IF=4=7=9?;645C 7673433G6?B6@6=A?383446<C<3D3BC=?7267<3E6<B
" ?7267@=3;9:723D6773<723;<=7>37=7=9?46<3 6AA9;3B;=72723:9AA9;=?EB=<387=9?4 (=) 34>9?B3?7 94 6?B &
67=9?6A =E2;6C4 F729<=7C 426AA =?=7=673 723 ><98344 9: 68IF=4=7=9? ><9833B=?E4 6?B >6C72389D>3?467=9?79723>37=7=9?3<4=? 6889<B6?83 ;=72 723 ><343?7 6>>A=865A3 ><9@=4=9?49:A6;6:73<29AB=?E6?3?IF=<C ;=72 <3E6<B 79 723=< 3J73?7 9: A6?B 68IF=<3B 6?B 723=< 3?7=7A3D3?7 :9< 89D>3?467=9?
79;6<B4 A6?B 6?B 5F=AB=?E4 4F5H387 79 >37=7=9?3<4 :F<?=42=?E 723 <389<B4HF47=:C=?E723=<8A6=D.
- 43 -
(==) 67=9?6A=E2;6C4F729<=7C26@3533?67 A=53<7C 79 433G <3=D5F<43D3?7 =: =7 =4 :9F?B 7267 723 A6?B 26B 533? 36<A=3< 68IF=<3B 5C 723 7673 6?B D3<3AC 3?7<F473B79=7=:496B@=43B
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