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High Court of Karnataka · body
2025 DAILYLAW 50828 (KAR)
RUKMAVVA W/O NINGAPPA KUMMI v. THE MANAGING DIRECTOR
MFA/200268/2023 · 2025-03-21
K Natarajan, Vijaykumar A Patil
body2025
[ 2025 DAILYLAW 50828 (KAR) · dailylaw.ai ]
[ 2025 DAILYLAW 50828 (KAR) · dailylaw.ai ]
Judgment text
Extracted from the PDF above. The PDF is authoritative.
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. Digitally signed by RAMESH MATHAPATI Location: HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA
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2,3,455,46347+3+89:;<:=<2,>;?9@,8<48?4A47? ?4<,? )''%)')) +8 :(%$)')' 5433,? BC <2, 7+8D+546 ,8+:7 +E+6 ";?9, F * +>4C45;74 =:7 32:7< G<2, 7+B;846- 2, 7,35:8?,8<*:75:74<+:8 =+6,? <2,455,46D2466,89+89<2,6+4B+6+<C43A,6643H;48<;@:= D:@5,834<+:8 +8 :)'%)')') A2,7,43 <2, 5,<+<+:8,7B,+89?+334<+3=+,?A+<2<2,@,49,7D:@5,834<+:8 4A47?,? BC <2, 7+B;846 =+6,? 455,46 +8
:)'')% )') ) 2:;92<2+3@4<<,7+36+3<,?=:7:7?,73A+<2<2, D:83,8<:=6,478,?D:;83,6=:7B:<2547<+,3+<+3<4I,8;5 =:7=+846?+35:346
47<+,3 <: <2, 455,463 47, 7,=,77,? <: 43 5,7 <2,+73<4<;3B,=:7,<2,7+B;846 0 7+,==4D<36,4?+897+3,<:=+6+89:=<2,3,455,463 47,43;8?,7
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24< :8 &)&))'&/ 5,<+<+:8,7 A43 <74E,6+89 +8 4 ;3 B,47+89 7,9+3<74<+:8 :*)$*'(( 9:+89 <:A47?34??48I,7+7:33=7:@4@4<49,7+3+?,48?32, A433+<<+89:8<2,3,4<A2+D2A43:8<2,7,477+92<<C7,:= <2, 34+? ;3 2+6, 3: 57:D,,?+89 4< 4B:;< 0'' 5@ A2,8<2,34+?B;3D4@,8,47,74I464@4<<+7:334<<24< <+@,<2,?7+E,7:=<2,B;3?7:E,A+<22+9235,,?+847432 48? 8,96+9,8< @488,7 48?7,477+92< <C7,A43 B;73< ?;, <:A2+D2<2,46;@+8;@32,,<:=<2,B;3<:78:==48?2+<<:
B:<2 <2, 6,93 := <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 BC D4;3+89 +8>;7+,3 <: <2, 6,93 48? :<2,7 547<3 := <2, B:?C @@,?+4<,6C 4=<,7 <2, 4DD+?,8< <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 A43 32+=<,? <: 4??,84E47 :35+<46 4946I:< 48? <2,7,4=<,7 32+=<,? <:
7;6I478+:35+<46+74>=:7=;7<2,7<7,4<@,8<
< +3 D:8<,8?,? <24< <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 243 35,8< 3'''''* <:A47?3 @,?+D46 48? :<2,7 ,J5,83,3 2, 5,<+<+:8,7A43246,48?2,46<2CA:@4849,?$C,47348? A43 ?:+89 <4+6:7+89 A:7I BC ,478+89 3)''''* 5,7 @:8<2 48? B,D4;3, := <2, +8>;7+,3 3;3<4+8,? +8 <2,
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4DD+?,8< +< 243 B,D:@, ?+==+D;6< =:7 2,7 <: ?: <4+6:7+89 A:7I48?463:<:A46I43B,=:7,<2,4DD+?,8<,8D,<2, 5,<+<+:8,7 =+6,? 4 D64+@ 5,<+<+:8 ;8?,7 ,D<+:8 &%% := D< D64+@+89 D:@5,834<+:8 :8 4DD:;8< := +8>;7+,3 3;3<4+8,?BC2,7+8<2,7:4?<74==+D4DD+?,8<DD:7?+896C 574C,?<:466:A<2,D64+@5,<+<+:8
$ 2, 7,35:8?,8<*:75:74<+:8 =+6,? A7+<<,8 3<4<,@,8<?,8C+89<2,49,:DD;54<+:848?+8D:@,:=<2, 5,<+<+:8,7 48? 463: ?,8+,? <2, +8>;7+,3 3;3<4+8,? BC <2, 5,<+<+:8,7?;,<:<2,466,9,?4DD+?,8<<+3D:8<,8?,?<24< <2,7, +3 8: 8,96+9,8D, :8 <2, 547< := <2, ?7+E,7 := <2, :==,8?+89 B;3 ,8D, <2,7,35:8?,8< D:;83,6 574C,? <: ?+3@+33<2,D64+@5,<+<+:8 % 8 <2, B43+3 := <2, 56,4?+893 := <2, 547<+,3 2,7+B;846=74@,?+33;,:3&<:47,43;8?,7K 4 2,<2,7 <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 57:E,3 <24< 32, 243 3;3<4+8,? +8>;7+,3 ?;, <: 4D<+:84B6, 743248?8,96+9,8<4D<:=?7+E,7:= ;3 B,47+89 :*)$*'(( +8 <2,
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:<:7 ,2+D6, DD+?,8< :8 <2, ?4<, <+@, 48?<2,564D,43B,+89433,7<,?L B 2,<2,7 <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 +3 ,8<+<6,? =:7 D:@5,834<+:8L = 3: A24< +3 <2, H;48<;@L D 24<:7?,7:74A47?L
( 8 :7?,7 <: 57:E, 2,7 D43, <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 ,J4@+8,? 2,73,6= 43 & 48? ,J4@+8,? <2, ?:D<:7 43 ) 48? 57:?;D,? 48? @47I,? ?:D;@,8<3 4< J3& <: &(
8 <2, :<2,7 248? <2, 7,35:8?,8<#:75:74<+:8 ,J4@+8,?
<2, ?7+E,7 := <2, B;3 43 & :A,E,7 8:
?:D;@,8<347,@47I,? 8<2,B43+3:=<2,@4<,7+46,E+?,8D,B:<2:746 48? ?:D;@,8<47C <2, 7+B;846 483A,7,? +33;, :& +8 <2, 4==+7@4<+E, +33;, :) 547<6C 4==+7@4<+E, 48? +33;, : 43 5,7 =+846 :7?,7 2, D64+@ 5,<+<+:8 A43 547<6C 466:A,? 48? :7?,7,? <24< <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 +3 ,8<+<6,? =:7 D:@5,834<+:8 := 3($''* A+<2 +8<,7,3< M %N 54 48??+7,D<,?<2,7,35:8?,8<<:54C<2,D:@5,834<+:82, ?,<4+63:=<2,D:@5,834<+:89748<,?47,43;8?,7
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6: ,4?3 @:;8<+8 3 & 4+8F3;==,7+89 )''''* ) ,?+D46B+663+8D;77,?48? =;<;7,@,?+D46,J5,83,3 4<<,8?48<D:8E,C48D, 8:;7+32+89=::?48?:<2,7 +8D+?,8<46D2479,3 & '$''*
:33:=+8D:@,?;7+8964+? ;55,7+:? $$'* 0 :33:==;<;7,+8D:@,:8 4DD:;8<:=5,7@48,8< ?+34B+6+<C $0)0'* $ :33:=4@,8+<+,3+=, D:@=:7<348?,J5,D<48DC :=6+=, &''''*
,-. /0121, 3##*
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/ ,+89 4997+,E,? BC <2, H;48<;@ := D:@5,834<+:8<2,7,35:8?,8<*:75:74<+:8243=+6,?455,46 +8 :)'%)')') =:7 7,?;D+89 <2, D:@5,834<+:8 A2,7,43 <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 243 =+6,? 455,46 +8
:)'')% )')3,,I+89,8248D,@,8<
&' ,478,? D:;83,6 =:7 <2, 7,35:8?,8<* :75:74<+:8 243 D:8<,8?,? <24< <2, 7+B;846 243 D:@@+<<,? 48 ,77:7 +8 4A47?+89 2+92,7 D:@5,834<+:8 <:A47?3 6:33:= ,478+89 D454D+<C BC <4I+89 )&N?+34B+6+<C <:<2,A2:6,B:?C,E,8<2:;92<2,?:D<:7243:5+8,?:86C
- 8 -
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=;7<2,7 <7,4<@,8< 43 :;< 54<+,8< 48? 2,8D, 3)''''* ;8?,7 <2, 2,4? 54+8 48? 3;==,7+89 3: 463: <2, 6:33 := +8D:@,?;7+8964+?*;55,7+:?D:83+?,7,?BC<2,7+B;8464< 3 $$'*+3463:E,7C@,49,7,E,8<2:;92+=:8,@:8<2 34647C+3D:83+?,7,?+<D:@,3<: 3&)$'*A2+D28,,?3 <:B,,8248D,?,=;7<2,73;B@+<3<24<<2,5,<+<+:8,7243 <:3;==,7<27:;92:;<2,76+=,48?32,D488:<?:<4+6:7+89 A:7I 43 ,476+,7 43 <2, 84+63 47, 3<+66 +8 <2, 6,93 := <2, +8>;7,? 48? <2,C 47, C,< <: B, 7,@:E,?
+8 =;<;7, BC 3;79,7C 2,7,=:7, <2, 7+B;846 243 ,77,? +8 8:< D:83+?,7+89 ;8?,7 <2, 2,4? =;<;7, @,?+D46 ,J5,83,3 DD:7?+896C :8 <2,3, 97:;8?3 2, 574C3 <: ,8248D, <2, D:@5,834<+:8BC466:A+89<2,455,46BC<2,5,<+<+:8,748? 574C3 <: ?+3@+33 <2, 455,46 =+6,? BC <2, 7,35:8?,8<* :75:74<+:8 &) , 24E, 2,47? <2, 6,478,? D:;83,6 =:7 <2, 7,35:8?,8<*:75:74<+:848?<2,6,478,?D:;83,6455,47+89 =:7<2,5,<+<+:8,7,7;3,?<2,7,D:7?348?D:83+?,7,?<2,
- 10 -
3;B@+33+:83 := <2, 6,478,? D:;83,6 =:7 <2, 547<+,3 2, 5:+8<<24<47+3,3=:7:;7D:83+?,74<+:8+3K O4 2,<2,7 <2, H;48<;@ := D:@5,834<+:84A47?,?BC<2,7+B;8467,H;+7,3 48C@:?+=+D4<+:8+=3:<:A24<,J<,8<LP
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
84+63 A,7, +83,7<,? ;D2 B,+89 <2, D43, <2, 4A47? := 3)''''*BC<2,7+B;846+3E,7C@,49,72,7,=:7,A, =,,6+<+3>;3<48?57:5,7<:,8248D,<2,D:@5,834<+:8<:
3$''''* 43 494+83< 3)''''* 4A47?,? BC <2, 7+B;846 &$ +<2 7,947? <: <2, @,?+46 ,J5,83,3 =;<;7, @,?+D46,J5,83,34<<,8?48<D2479,38:;7+32+89=::?48? :<2,7 +8D+?,8<46 D2479,3 <2, 7+B;846 243 4A47?,? 3& '$''* :A,E,7 <2,7, +3 8: 3,5474<, D:@5,834<+:8 4@:;8< A43 4A47?,? ;8?,7 <2, 2,4? 4<<,8?48< D:8E,C48D, 8:;7+32+89 =::? 48? :<2,7 +8D+?,8<46 D2479,3 ,8D, D6;BB+89 466 <2, 2,4?3 +3 8:< 57:5,7 2,7,=:7, A, 57:5:3, <:
4A47? 48:<2,7 3)''''* ;8?,7 <2, 2,4? 4<<,8?48< D:8E,C48D, 8:;7+32+89 =::? 48? :<2,7 +8D+?,8<46 D2479,3 46:89 A+<2 3& '$''*4A47?,?BC<2,7+B;846 &% 3 7,947?3 <2, 6:33 := +8D:@, ?;7+89 64+? ;5 5,7+:?<2,7+B;8462434A47?,?:86C 3 $$'*2:;92 <2, 7+B;846 243 433,33,? <2, 8:<+:846 +8D:@, := <2,
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5,<+<+:8,7 4< 3&)$'* BC D:83+?,7+89 <2, 9;+?,6+8,3 +33;,? BC <2, 4784<4I4 ,946 ,7E+D,3 ;<2:7+<C 48? 4A47?+89 := 3 $$'* +3 E,7C @,49,7
8D, <2, <7,4<@,8< A43 <4I,8 +< +3 8:< ,8:;92 4=<,7 ?+3D2479+89 48? <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 +37,H;+7,? <:9: =:7=;7<2,7 <7,4<@,8< 43 :;<*54<+,8< ;D2 B,+89 <2, D43, <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 D:;6? 24E,<4I,8B,?7,3<=:74<6,43<<27,,@:8<23,8D,A, 57:5:3,<:4A47? 3/($'* 3&)$'J;8?,7<2+3 2,4? &( 37,947?3<2,6:33:=4@,8+<+,3 6+=,D:@=:7<3 48? ,J5,D<48DC := 6+=, +3 D:8D,78,? <2, 7+B;846 243 4A47?,? 4 3;@ := 3&''''* ;8?,7 <2+3 2,4?
2, 5,<+<+:8,7+3A:@4849,?$C,47348?32,A43246,48? 2,46<2C48?<2,.*74C=+6@7,E,463<A:84+63A,7,+83,7<,? :8<2,=::<+,:8<2,48I6,2,+334+?<:B,4+6:7+<+3 E,7C?+==+D;6<<:?:<4+6:7+89A:7I+8=;<;7,48?<2,7,+3463:
+8>;7C <: <2, ;55,7 6+@B 48? ?,=+8+<,6C 32, D:;6? 8:< 6+=< A,+92< 48? 463: ?: 8:< A46I =:7 6:89 <+@, 48? 3H;4< 3+<<+89;D2B,+89<2,D43,32,243<:3;==,7<27:;92:;<
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2,7 6+=, ,8D, 4 3;@ := 3&''''* 4A47?,? BC <2, 7+B;846 +3 E,7C @,49,7 DD:7?+896C A, 57:5:3, <:
,8248D, 30''''*43494+83< 3&''''*<:A47?36:33 :=4@,8+<+,3 & 3 7,947?3 <2, 6:33 := =;<;7, +8D:@, <2, 7+B;846243433,33,?<2,8:<+:846+8D:@,:=5,<+<+:8,74< 3&)$'* 5,7 @:8<2 ) <2, ?:D<:7 243 :5+8,? <24< <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 243 3;==,7,? $N ?+34B+6+<C <: 7+92< 6:A,7 6+@B 48? 'N ?+34B+6+<C <: 6,=< 6:A,7 6+@B 48? <2, <:<46 ?+34B+6+<C D:@,3 <: %$N 2, 7+B;846 A2+6, D:83+?,7+89 <2,34@,<4I+89+8<:D:83+?,74<+:843&7?:=+<43&&N<:
<2, A2:6, B:?C 48? BC 4??+89 &'N <: <2, 34@, <4I,8 )&N ?+34B+6+<C <: <2, A2:6, B:?C ,8D, A, 47, := <2, E+,A<24<<2,7+B;8462437+92<6CD:83+?,7,?&7?:=%$N 43 )&N <: <2, A2:6, B:?C DD:7?+896C A, 4DD,5< <2, 7,43:89+E,8BC<2,7+B;846+8433,33+89<2,6:33:==;<;7, +8D:@, ?;, <: ?+34B+6+<C A2+D2 ?: 8:< D466 =:7 48C +8<,7=,7,8D, 3&)$'J&)J&%J)&NQR 3$0)0'*
- 14 -
&/ 37,947?3<2,6:33:==;<;7,@,?+D46,J5,83,3 <2,7+B;8462438:<4A47?,?48C4@:;8<;8?,7<2+32,4? 2:;92 <2, 6,478,? D:;83,6 =:7 <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 243 57:?;D,? <2, .*74C =+6@ ?+3D2479, D47? 48? <2, @,?+D46 7,D:7?3A2+D2D6,476C7,E,463<24<)84+63:8B:<2<2,6,93 A,7,+83,7<,?+8<2,48I6,547<8=;<;7,A2+D27,H;+7,3 <: B, 7,@:E,? =7:@ <2, 6,93 := <2, 48I6, B:8,3 2, 5,<+<+:8,7 :=*D:;73, 243 8:< 3,7+:;36C D64+@,? 48C D:@5,834<+:8;8?,7<2+32,4?:A,E,7=7:@<2,5,7;346 :=<2,7,D:7?3<2+3:;7<243D:@,<:<2,D:8D6;3+:8<24< <2, 5,<+<+:8,7 7,H;+7,3 =;<;7, @,?+D46 ,J5,83,3 43 A,66 2,@,?+D46,J5,83,335,8<BC<2,5,<+<+:8,7A4346@:3< @:7, <248 3&$''''* 2,7,=:7, =:7 <2, 5;75:3, := 7,@:E46:=+@5648<3+8B:<2<2,6,9332,@4C7,H;+7,<A:
3;79,7+,3 =:7 B:<2 <2, 6,93 ;D2 B,+89 <2, D43, A, 57:5:3, <: 4A47? 4<*6,43< 30''''* ;8?,7 <2, 2,4? =;<;7,@,?+D46,J5,83,3 )' DD:7?+896C <2, D:@5,834<+:8 +3 7,*433,33,? ;8?,7?+==,7,8<2,4?343;8?,7K
- 15 -
6: ,4?3 C7+B;846 C<2+3:;7< & 4+8F3;==,7+89 3)''''* 3$''''* ) ,?+D46B+663+8D;77,? 48?=;<;7,@,?+D46 ,J5,83,34<<,8?48< D:8E,C48D,8:;7+32+89 =::?48?:<2,7+8D+?,8<46 D2479,3 3& '$''* 3)''$''*
:33:=+8D:@,?;7+89 64+?;55,7+:? 3 $$'* 3/($'* 0 :33:==;<;7,+8D:@,:8 4DD:;8<:=5,7@48,8< ?+34B+6+<C 3$0)0'* 3$0)0'* $ :33:=4@,8+<+,3+=, D:@=:7<348?,J5,D<48DC :=6+=, 3&''''* 30''''* % :33:==;<;7,@,?+D46 ,J5,83,3
30''''* ,-. /0121, 3##* 3##*
3#4#4*
3#4#*
)& 2, 5,<+<+:8,7 +3 ,8<+<6,? =:7 4 <:<46 D:@5,834<+:8 := 3/'0$''* 43 494+83< 3($''* 4A47?,?BC<2,7+B;846,8D,<2,5,<+<+:8,7+3,8<+<6,? =:7,8248D,?D:@5,834<+:8:= 3&$&)''*A+<2+8<,7,3< M%N54 )) ,8D,<2+3:;7<=,,6+<57:5,7<:,8248D,<2, D:@5,834<+:84A47?,?BC<2,7+B;84648?<2,D:8<,8<+:8 :=<2,6,478,?D:;83,6=:7<2,:75:74<+:8A+<27,947?<: H;48<;@:=D:@5,834<+:84A47?,?BC<2,7+B;846D488:<
- 16 -
34+?<:B,,J:7B+<48<48?,JD,33+E,2,7,=:7,<2,455,46 =+6,?BC<2,:75:74<+:8?,3,7E,3<:B,?+3@+33,?48?<2, 455,46=+6,?BC<2,D64+@48<?,3,7E,3<:466:A,?+8547< ) DD:7?+896CA,57:D,,?<:5433<2,=:66:A+89
4 2, 455,46 =+6,? BC <2, :75:74<+:8 +8 :)'%)')')+3 B 2, 455,46 =+6,?
BC <2, D64+@48< +8
:)'')% )')+3 D 2,+@5;98,?>;?9@,8<48?4A47?5433,?BC<2, 7+B;846+3@:?+=+,? ? 2,5,<+<+:8,7+3,8<+<6,?=:74<:<46D:@5,834<+:8 := 3/'0$''* 43 494+83< 3($''* 4A47?,?BC<2,7+B;846 , 2, 5,<+<+:8,7 +3 ,8<+<6,? =:7 ,8248D,? D:@5,834<+:8:= 3&$&)''*46:89A+<2+8<,7,3< 4< <2, 74<, := %N 5,7 488;@ =7:@ <2, ?4<, := 5,<+<+:8<+667,46+S4<+:8:=4@:;8< = 2,7,35:8?,8<*:75:74<+:8+3?+7,D<,?<:?,5:3+< <2, ,8<+7, D:@5,834<+:8 4@:;8< B,=:7, <2,
- 17 -
7+B;846 A+<2+8 4 5,7+:? := ,+92< A,,I3 =7:@ <2, ?4<,:=7,D,+5<:=D,7<+=+,?D:5C:=<2+3>;?9@,8< 9 2,4@:;8<+8?,5:3+<+=48C32466B,<7483@+<<,? <:<2,D:8D,78,?7+B;846=:7<2A+<2 2 2,7,3<:=<2,";?9@,8<5433,?BC<2,<7+B;846+3 @4+8<4+8,? !1*
(&) &
!1*
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