- 1 - ! ""# $%&!!! " ' (!)!* BETWEEN 1 . SRI. K. R. VISHWANATH S/O. LATE RAMACHANDEGOWDA, AGED ABOUT 37 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT KANUGANAHALLI, TIPPUR POST, K.R. NAGAR TALUK, MYSURU DISTRICT - 571 602. 2 . SRI. SHIVAKUMAR. K. M. S/O. MARILINGAIAH, AGED ABOUT 36 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT KAGALAWADI, CHAMARAJNAGAR POST, CHAMARAJNAGAR TALUK & DISTRICT - 571 117. 3 . SRI. S. MANJEGOWDA S/O. PATEL SIDDEGOWDA, AGED ABOUT 39 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT KETHANAHALLI VILLAGE, H.D. KOTE POST AND TALUK, MYSURU DISTRICT - 570 026. 4 . SRI. K. C. PRADEEP KUMAR S/O. CHINNAPPA, AGED ABOUT 32 YEARS, Digitally signed by BASALINGAPPA SHIVARAJ DHUTTARGAON Location: HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA - 2 - ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT KETHUPURA, SOSALE HOBLI, T.N. PURA TALUK, MYSURU DISTRICT - 571 602. 5 . SRI. K. M. JAGADEESH S/O. MUDDAPPA, AGED ABOUT 35 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT KARAKALAMADAHALLI, VADDAGERE POST, GUNDLUPET TALUK, CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICT - 571 123. 6 . SMT. SINDHU. P D/O. LATE PAPANNA, AGED ABOUT 30 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT POORIGALI, MALAVALLI TALUK, MANDYA DISTRICT - 571 463. 7 . SRI. SIDDARAJU. R S/O. RACHAIAH, AGED ABOUT 36 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT KELLUPUR, HUR POST, NANJANGUD TALUK, MYSURU DISTRICT - 571 315. 8 . SRI. RACHANAYAK S/O. RACHAPPA, AGED ABOUT 35 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT HALEBEEDI, TALAKADU, T.N. PURA TALUK, MYSURU DISTRICT - 571 122. - 3 - 9 . SMT. RUKMINIAMMA W/O. SHIVAIAH, AGED ABOUT 44 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT HOUSING BOARD COLONY, CHAMARAJANAGAR - 571 313. 10 . SRI. NANDEESH NAYAK. K. O. S/O. OBAIAH, AGED ABOUT 30 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT MYSARESATTI, RAYAPUR POST, MOLAKALMUR TALUK, CHITRADURGA DISTRICT - 577 535. 11 . SRI. MANJUNATHA. K. A. S/O. ANNEGOWDA, AGED ABOUT 32 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT KALKERE VILLAGE, PERIYAPATNA TALUK, MYSURU DISTRICT - 571 122. 12 . SMT. MANJULA. R D/O. LATE RAMASWAMY, AGED ABOUT 30 YEARS, ASSISTANT TEACHER, RESIDING AT JODI HARIHARAPURA, (SALUNDI), BILIGERI HOBLI, NANJANGUD TALUK, MYSURU DISTRICT - 571 602. ...PETITIONERS (BY SRI ANEPPANAVAR RAMESH BASETTEPPA, ADVOCATE) AND - 4 - 1. T. S. SUBBANNA SARVAJANIKA EDUCATION TRUST (R) BY ITS ADMINISTRATOR, VIDYARANYAPURAM, MYSURU, MYSURU DISTRICT - 570 008. 2. THE STATE OF KARNATAKA BY ITS CHIEF SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY & SECONDARY EDUCATION, M.S. BUILDING, BENGALURU - 560 001. 3. THE COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTIONS DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, NRUPATHUNGA ROAD, BENGALURU - 560 001. 4. THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR (ADMINISTRATION) PUBLIC INSTRUCTIONS, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, MYSURU - 570 008. 5. THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR (ADMINISTRATION) PUBLIC INSTRUCTIONS, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CHAMARAJANAGAR - 571 313. 6. THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR (ADMINISTRATION) PUBLIC INSTRUCTIONS, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, MANYDA - 571 008. ….RESPONDENTS (BY SRI R.S.RAVI, SENIOR ADVOCATE FOR, SRI AKARSH KUMAR GOWDA, ADVOCATE FOR R1; SRI G.S. 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rder No.ED13 SHS 67, Bangalore, dated 17.06.1967 - 16 - & +,0?@,9./5,08369+6=,7241./17-,2;/33/01 .0 .+, 13./.6./01 .0 ;4D, 4--0/1.;,1.3 :/.+06. 4<+,2,19,.06=,3705,21/172,926/.;,1.083.488/1/<,< 13./.6./013 /3 .0 ,14?=, .+, 13./.6./013 .0 8/== 6- -03.3 .,;-0242/=A :+,2, 549419/,3 +45, 42/3,1 ./== 2,76=42 2,926/.;,1. /3 ;4<, 3 .+, -209,<62, 08 2,76=42 2,926/.;,1./150=5,3./;,41<542/063-209,33,3/102<,2 .0 ./<, 05,2 3.488 3+02.47, ./== 369+ 2,926/.;,1. /3 90;-=,.,< -0:,2 /3 9018,22,< .0 ;4D, .,;-0242A 4--0/1.;,1.3 <;/..,<=A /1 .+, -2,3,1. 943, /1 .,2;3 08 11,L62,3GEF EF 41< E F -623641. .0 05,21;,1. -,2;/33/01 2,926/.;,1. -209,33 +4< ?,,1 /1/./4.,< 43 2,742<3 ,49+,23 24<,G 43 :,== 43 +A3/94= <694./01 13.269.023 24<,G +, 0./8/94./01 802 2,926/.;,1. /3 <4.,< (&&H 02 542/063 2,43013 -,././01,23 :,2, - 17 - 10. 2,926/.,< .+2067+ 369+ -209,33 <6, .0 4<;/1/3.24./5, 2,43013 ;;,</4.,=A.+,2,48.,2.+,-,././01,23/1.,2;3 08 2,-2,3,1.4./01 <4.,< &H&H 4. 11,L62,GEF .0 05,21;,1. 6.+02/./,3 +4< 3-,9/8/94==A 2,C6,3.,< .0 /19=6<,.+,/214;,3/1.+,=/3.08941</<4.,33+02.=/3.,<802 /1.,25/,: ?A 4:42</17 ;42D3 /1 .+, 14.62, 08 :,/7+.47, .4D/1710.,08.+,/23,25/9,3802,L.,1<,<-,2/0<08./;, # +, 2,-2,3,1.4./01 <4.,< &H&H :43 </2,9.,< .0 ?, 9013/<,2,< ?A 02<,2 -433,< /1 03#J&#G#J&((I&H <4.,< &$&H -623641. .0 :+/9+ .+, 05,21;,1. +43 .4D,1 6- 9013/<,24./01 08 2,-2,3,1.4./01 ( +, 05,21;,1.F3 9013/<,24./01 08 .+, 2,-2,3,1.4./0108.+,-,././01,23+432,36=.,</1.+,2,-02. 4.11,L62,GEF<4.,<H&&$+,9019=63/01422/5,< 4. :43 01 .+, ?43/3 08 3.4.,;,1.3 08 .+, 9019,21,< 088/9/4=3/19=6</17.+,3.4.,;,1.08.+,,4<43.,2+, - 18 - 3.4.,;,1. 08 .+, ,4< 43.,2 /3 -42. 08 .+, ,1C6/2A 2,902<341<43,.08-+0.090-/,308369+-209,,</173+45, ?,,1 36?;/..,< ?,802, .+, 062. ?A =,421,< 90613,= 802 .+,-,././01,2369+2,902<3:,2,-20<69,<?A.+,.4., 4. .+, ./;, 08 +,42/17 41< .+, -,././01,23 +45, .4D,1 -+0.090-/,3082,902<341<+45,-=49,</.?,802,.+/3062. 802-,2634= ' . /3 3-,9/8/94==A 433,2.,< ?A .+, ,4< 43.,2 :+/9+3.4.,;,1./32,8,22,<.0/1.+,,1C6/2A2,-02..+4. .+,-,././01,23+45,?,,1:02D/1743,49+,23.+4.4==08 .+,;:,2,:02D/1701024=</2,9./01308.+,4147,;,1. .+4. .+,/2 ,1747,;,1. :43 .0:42<3 54941. -03.3 43 2,742<3 ,49+,23 08 =433,3G N 41< N .+4. 4-42. 820; .+, ,49+,23 -,2802;/17 .+,/2 <6./,3 08 .,49+/17 .+,/2 3,25/9,3 +45, 4=30 ?,,1 6./=/>,< 802 9,1363 <6./,3 .24/1/17,54=64./0108 -4-,23,=,9./01<6.A2,5/3/01 080.,23F=/3.,.9 - 19 - +, ,5,1.64= 9019=63/01 /1 .+, 34/< 2,-02. 2,/.,24.,3 .+, 3.4.,;,1. 08 .+, ,4< 43.,2 41< 2,902<3 .+4. .+, -,././01,23 +45, ?,,1 :02D/17 802 ;41A A,423 :/.+06. -4AI;,47,2 -4A 41< .+4. .+,2, :,2, 10 :2/..,1 02<,23 08 4--0/1.;,1. 102 :,2, .+,A -,2;/..,< .0 488/L .+,/2 3/714.62, 01 .+, 4..,1<419, 2,7/3.,23 +, 4?=, 901.4/1/17 .+, <,.4/=3 08 L+/?/.3 -20<69,< <62/17 .+, -209,,</173/343+,2,61<,2)G % ,% ! !) !' - ! ! .-/ ! - G /;,4?=,08.+,,3-01<,1. 9+00= G ,;-0242A..,1<419,,7/3.,2 %&G&# G ,902<3-,2.4/1/17.041164= ,L4;/14./01% 6,3./01-4-,2 13:,2+,,.3,=833,33;,1. 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HG 33,33;,1.,902<3083.6<,1.3 3/71,<?A-,././01,2 HG 33,33;,1.,902<3083.6<,1.3 3/71,<?A-,././01,2 !0??4;4<9 6??4114 6?=/9/7+9+00= 002/74=/ HG +0.090-/,30842./9/-4./01/1 9+00=9./5/./,3 $G 02D/3.2/?6./01 ,..,2 4A2454B48 6??4114 6?=/9/7+9+00= !474=:4</ 6??4114 6?=/9/7+9+00= 624 $G +0.090-/,30842./9/-4./01/1 9+00=9./5/./,3 !:6 98:0504::4 &G 42./9/-4./012,902<3:/.+2,3-,9. .09+00=9./5/./,3 - 23 - 6??4114 6?=/9/7+9+00= !474=:4</ &G ..,1<419,9,2./8/94.,08 4..,1</17/3.2/9.,<694./0141< .24/1/179,1.,29+4;424@414742 G ,4<;43.,2F3 ,..,2.0901<69. .,3.I L4;3 45?==124B48 6??4114 6?=/9/7+9+00= 002/74=/ 6??4114 6?=/9/7+9+00= 4=4D4<6 G ,4<;43.,2F3=,..,2.0-2,-42, C6,3./01-4-,2 #G 1164=,,./173,902<,;0 ?00D901.4/1/173/714.62,08 ,././01,2 #G 19+427,,;0 #G ,902<08-42./9/-4./01/1-+A3/94= ,<694./01.,49+,23;,,./1741< 3-02.3,5,1.3820;&#.0&H %45<954624 6??4114 6?=/9/7+9+00= 4=4D4<6 #G =/7/?/=/.A9,2./8/94.,7/5,1.0 3.6<,1.3802-42./9/-4./01/13-02.3 ,5,1.3/71,<?A,././01,2 G .6<,1.390130=/<4.,<;42D3 3+,,. G ,902<9+,9D,<41<3/71,<?A .,4;08423,,-624=6D G L4;/14./01 6,3./014-,2 !:6%45<9C4 6??4114 6?=/9/7+9+00= 4A626 G ..,1<419,,2./8/94., - 24 - J -,2634= 08 .+, -209,,</173 90-/,3 08 :+/9+ 42,8/=,</1062.:06=</1</94.,.+,;4.,2/4=2,=/,<6-01/1 422/5/17 4. .+, 9019=63/01 4. 11,L62,GEF 69+ 8/1</173 :06=<4;061..048/1</1701849.:+/9+94110.?,</88,2,< :/.+ /1 .+, -2,3,1. -209,,</173 :+/=, 7/5/17 <6, :,/7+.47, .0 .+, 2,-02. 4. 11,L62,GEF -2,-42,< ?A .+, .4.,619./0142/,3/1=/7+.084-2,36;-./01.+4.906=<?, 24/3,<43.0/.32,76=42/.A H +, 901.,1.3 08 .+, 2,-02. 4. 11,L62,GEF 42, 10. 3,2/063=A /1 </3-6., +, 2,3-01<,1. 13./.6./01 +43 0?@,9.,< .0 4==0:/17 .+, :2/. /130842 43 2,C6,3. .0 ;4D, 700< .+, 8/1419/4= =033 .0 .+, -,././01,23 +, ?43/3 08 0--03/./01/3.+4..+,A42,9013.24/1,<?A=49D082,30629,3 .0;,,..+,<,;41<308-4A;,1..0.+,-,././01,2301-42 :/.+2,76=42,;-=0A,,3310./9,</./3-=,4<,<.+4..+, 8,, 9+427,< /1 943, 08 /<,< 13./.6./013 /3 2,76=4.,< ?A .+, 6=,3 41< .+, 13./.6./01 94110. 24/3, 2,30629,3 - 25 - .+2067++/7+,28,,3.+41-2,392/?,<102941<014./013?, 499,-.,< $ 1 41 /<,1./94= 849.64= ;4.2/L 9019,21,< :/.+ ,49+,23 4--0/1.,< 01 .,;-0242A ?43/3 ?A -2/54.,=A ;4147,< ,72,, 0==,7,3 2,9,/5/17 4/< 820; .+, 05,21;,1. =/./74./01 /1/./4.,< ?,802, .+, /7+ 062. 96=;/14.,< ?,802, .+, -,L 062. /1 .+, 02<,2 -433,< /1 .+,943,084;546484!646=;0746=CC=>=!6@)>4@ =A69;=;1 11A04605 5 !646= 4;546484 45? 62=;1 .!6@)>4@ =A69;=;1 11A04605/ 1 .+, 4802,34/<943,.+,-,L062.:439013/<,2/17.+,943,08 ,49+,23 :+0 :,2, .,;-0242/=A 4--0/1.,< 802 .+2,, ;01.+3?A.+,4147,;,1.:+/9+:432,9,/5/177241.G/1G 4/<41<:+0+4<3067+.8022,76=42/>4./0108.+,/23,25/9,3 .:43901.,1<,<.+4..+,4147,;,1.+4<43362,<.+,/2 2,76=42/>4./01<6,.0=017901./16419,083,25/9, #& +, -,L 062. /1 .+, 4802,34/< <,9/3/01 +43 <,.4/=,< .+, -20?=,;3 08 .+, 4--0/1./17 6.+02/.A 2(1992) 2 SCC 29 - 26 - <,=/?,24.,=A .2A/17 .0 4990;;0<4., -42./96=42 941</<4.,3 802,L.241,0632,43013?A;/363/17.+,2,76=42-209,<62, -205/<,< 802 2,926/.;,1. +, 062. +4< 0?3,25,< .+4. 6=,3:,2,<,8,9./5,41<1,9,3342A-205/3/01:432,C6/2,< .0?,;4<,.0,88,9./5,=A<,4=:/.+369+3/.64./0110./9/17 .+4.10369+6=,:43,149.,<.0.4D,942,08.+,=49614 10./9,<+,-,L062.+43=4;,1.,<01.+,,L-=0/.4./01 08 ,;-=0A,,3 9902</17=A 80==0:/17 0?3,254./013 :,2, ;4<, 4. -4243G' 41< :+/9+ 42, 08 2,=,5419, .0 .+, -2,3,1.943,41<42,,L.249.,<+,2,/1?,=0:)G ! " " ! !"# $ " " # % - 27 - # # ! &! " " ' ( " ! ) * " '+ " " , - # # # ! # % % " % ) % - 28 - . " " ! ! " / " ! $ " 0 " " $$ " 0 1 " ) # # " 2 3( " 4 5 0 " 6 ) - ( 7 - 29 - " " 8 " ) ( . " " # # 9 :'; ," - " " :<; 2 ! " 6 " :=; ! - 30 - :; 7 #" # " 4 " 4 " ! 1 6 " $$ # +/=, .+, -,L 062. /1 ,5,1.64==A</2,9.,<.+,3,25/9,308 369+.,;-0242A3.488067+.10..0?,.,2;/14.,<.+4..+,A :,2, 2,C6/2,< .0 ?, 4?302?,< 43 41< :+,1 2,76=42 549419/,3 42/3, .+4. 4<</./014= -03.3 3+4== ?, 92,4.,< .0 4990;;0<4.,369+3,=,9.,<941</<4.,362.+,2.+,2,=/,8 - 31 - 7241.,<:+/9+:06=<?,082,=,5419,/1.+,-2,3,1.;4..,2 :43 > :; & % " # 1 .+, -2,3,1. 943, 43 4=2,4<A 0?3,25,< .+, -,././01,23+45,7/5,16-.+,/29=4/;8022,76=42/>4./0141< 2,3.2/9.,< .0 90;-,134./17 .+,; 802 8/1419/4= -2,@6</9, 9463,</1=/7+.08=0173,25/9,4.;,47,2-4A083'&&IG -,2;01.+ ## ./3.0?,10./9,<.+4..+,2/7+.61<,22./9=,# %08.+,013./.6./01081</42,4<34380==0:3)G <= ?:'; " " #( 3 =4/< <0:1 ?A .+, -,L 062. /1 =@C=D1 505; =:A;460A0>26145?62=;15505 - 32 - 5?0445?62=;1#. /4.-424G/./30?3,25,<43 80==0:3)G '< # " " ) #' +,-,L062./1 +43,1=427,< .+,390-,08-20+/?/./01088029,<=4?06261<,22./9=,# 08 013./.6./01 10. 01=A .0 9/296;3.419,3 :+,2, 10 2,;61,24./01+43?,,1-4/<?6.4=30:+,2,8029,<=4?062 /3 2,302.,< .0 :+,.+,2 2,;61,24.,< 02 10. +, 862.+,2 0?3,254./01308.+,-,L062.42,4380==0:3)G '/ ! 1 <= " " ) 0 " " # "" 0 " " # 3 (1982) 3 SCC 235 - 33 - " " # !,,-/17 369+ 0?3,254./013 /1 ;/1< /1 .+, -2,3,1. 943, 4<;/..,<=A .+, -,././01,23 +45, :02D,< 901./16063=A802542/063=,17.+308./;,43,5/<,19,<820; .+, -209,,</173 4. 11,L62,G +, 849. .+4. .+,A +45, ?,,1:02D/17:/.+.+,+0-,08.+,/2-03.3?,/174<;/..,< .07241.G1G4/</3,5/<,19,<820;.+,3.4.,;,1.31.,2;3 08 11,L62,G .+, -,././01,23 42, 3.4.,< .0 +45, :02D,< /1.+,2,3-01<,1.O13./.6./014380==0:3) % %! !' '012345462 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=002/74=/ 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=/<A4241A4-624; 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=+4;61</?,..4 &&'G& &G&' &'G&H !207489:4;% 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=!474=454</ 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=002/74=/ 6??4114 6?=/9 /7+ 9+00=4;?4==/ &I&I&&O61,&( &(O&I(I& 61,&O'I&HI&H - 34 - !%45<=>3?4 6??4114 6?=/9 /7+ 9+00=!A4.414+4==/ &'I&I&&HOHI&HI&H ;4?==@ 9:4; 6??4114 6?=/9 /7+ 9+00=4=4D4<6 &HI&HI&&$O#I&JI&H %&4>4?==12 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=4<<47,2, 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=!4=4=, 6??4114 6?=/9 /7+ 9+00=624 &I&I&& O II& K &I&I&#O&I&HI&H II&O&$I&I&# &I&I&#O(I&(I&# !:6!05?29 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=002/74=/ 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00= 4=4D4<6 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00= 4A626 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=474244;?+4==/ (I&I&O41642A&#K 61,&#O-2/=&( K&&&O&H&H&H ,?2642A&#O-2/=&# 05,;?,2&(O#&#&' I&JI&'O#&#& !0??4;4<9 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=002/74=/ &I&JI&#O#&I&HI&H 4A2454B48 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00= !474=:4</ 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00= 624 (I&$I&#O61,&( 6=A&(O6763.&H - 35 - !:698:0504::4 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00= !474=:4</ I&$I&O&HI&HI&H 45?==124B48 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00=002/74=/ 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00= 4=4D4<6 'I&JI&(O&I&JI&H &I&JI&HOI&HI&H %45<954624 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00= 4=4D4<6 JI&JI&#O'I&HI&H !:6%45<9C4 6??41146?=/9/7+ 9+00= 4A626 'I&HI&O#I&#I&H #J 1 =/7+. 08 .+, =4: ,1619/4.,< /1 .+, # =4?062 2,1<,2,< :/.+06. 82,, :/== 4. ;,47,2 :47,3 :/.+ 41 ,L-,9.4./01 .+4. .+,/2 -03.3 :06=< ?, 4<;/..,<.07241.G/1G4/<:06=<84==3C642,=A/1.+,4;?/.08 8029,< =4?062 901.,;-=4.,< 61<,2 2./9=, # 08 .+, 013./.6./01081</4 #H 130842 43 .+, 90;-,134./01 .0 .+, -,././01,23 802 :02D 2,1<,2,< 4. 3'&&IG -,2 ;01.+ :+/9+ /3 ?,=0: .+, ;/1/;6; :47, 8/L,< .+, -,././01,23 42, ,1./.=,< 802 90;-,134./01:/.+06.2,8,2,19,.0.+,8/1419/4=-03/./0108 .+, 2,3-01<,1. 13./.6./01 +,1 5/0=4./01 08 2/7+.3 - 36 - 9018,22,< 61<,2 2./9=, # 08 013./.6./01 /3 ,3.4?=/3+,< .+, 8/1419/4= 3.2/17,19A 94110. ?, 4 9013/<,24./01 .0 ./, .+, +41<3 08 .+, 062. 820; </2,9./17 .+, 13./.6./01 .0 90;-,134.,.+,-,././01,234<,C64.,=A1.+/3901.,L..+, 0?3,254./013 08 .+, -,L 062. /1 4@0C4 05>;450 5 !646=024;(/3082,=,5419,41<42,+,2,61<,2)G & 1 1 " ( @)A B 5 * ") C,@'D ) )(( '> 9 0A 'D> )( =DE #7 (# A "F @:'D+; )(( '< 9 'D+ )(( :(; D==E 6B . :4;"C0 @:'DD;<)((D90A'DD )(<DDEE00 0 2 8 "C 0 @:'DD=; = )(( E ( 9 :)(( D# ; G 7 C 4 (2003) 6 SCC 1 - 37 - ) ,% 0 1 " ! ) . & " 8 #$ 9902</17=A .+, 2,=/,8 /3 .0 ?, ;06=<,< ?A </2,9./17.+,2,3-01<,1.0/,.+,13./.6./01.0-4A.0 .+,-,././01,23.+,:47,301-42:/.+.+,;/1/;6;084A 94=, 08 2,76=42=A ,1747,< ,;-=0A,,3 +0=</17 .+, -03. 4<;/..,<.07241.G/1G4/<802.+,-,2/0<08:02D438061</1 .+,-209,,</1734.11,L62,G:+/9++43 ?,,1,=/9/.,</1 .+, 4?=, 36-24 4. 424724-+ 0# 69+ </2,9./01 /3 /336,<.4D/1710.,08.+,=4:=4/<<0:1?A.+,-,L062. /1 !646= 95<4E 45? 62=;1 5 &4><06 !05>2 45? 62=;1':+/=,<,4=/17:/.+.+,-4A;,1.08,;-=0A,,301 .+,-2/19/-=,0851 , 51 . 5(2017) 1 SCC 148 - 38 - (& ,3-01<,1. 0 /3 .0 ;4D, -4A;,1. 43 </2,9.,</1424724-+0#$802.+,-,2/0<.+4..+,A+45, :02D,< 43 <,.,2;/1,< /1 .+, -209,,</173 4. 11,L62,G :/.+/14-,2/0<08.+2,,;01.+3820;.0<4A 1=/7+.08.+,</39633/01;4<,+,2,/14?05,.+,:2/. -,././01/3 !?F) (!! " '* & I