1 2025:CGHC:17553 NAFR HIGH COURT OF CHHATTISGARH AT BILASPUR CRMP No. 1192 of 2025 Shri Jaiprakash Agrawal S/o Late Purushottam Lal Agrawal Aged About 42 Years R/o Shivaji Nagar, Malsay Talab Lane, Kushalpur, Raipur, Tehsil And District Raipur, Chhattisgarh. (Complainant) ... Petitioner(s) versus Dinesh Kumar Dewangan S/o Late Chagan Lal Dewangan Aged About 45 Years R/o Near Shiv Mandir Karmachari Colony, Ward No. 64, Waman Rao Lakhe Ward, Main Road, Kushalpur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. ... Respondent(s) For Petitioner(s) : None. For Respondent(s) : None. SB : Hon'ble Shri Justice Deepak Kumar Tiwari Order on Board 16.04.2025 1. None for the appellant even when is case is called in the second round. 2. This is an application seeking leave to appeal under Section 419 (4) of the BNSS, 2023. 3. The instant leave to appeal has been filed against judgment dated 16.01.2025 passed by the Judicial Magistrate First Class, Raipur in Criminal Complaint Case No.2725/2021, whereby, the respondent Digitally signed by AJAY KUMAR DWIVEDI Date: 2025.04.17 16:52:40 +0530 2 (accused therein) was acquitted of the charge under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (for short "NI Act"). 4. As per complaint of the appellant, the appellant and respondent were familiar to each other and the accused has taken loan of Rs.2,00,000/- from the complainant for medical treatment of his wife and for return of the amount he has given two cheques of Rs.1,00,000/- each dated 10.12.2019, Ex.P-1 and Ex.P-2, respectively, to the complainant. However, when the complainant deposited the said cheques for encashment, the same returned dishonoured due to insufficient funds. Even after receipt of legal notice, the accused did not pay the cheque amount. Hence, the complainant has filed complaint under Section 138 of the NI Act. 5. The complainant denied the allegation levelled against him and claimed to be tried. After evaluating the evidence on record, the trial Court acquitted the accused of the charge mentioned above. Being aggrieved by the judgment of acquittal, the complainant has filed instant application for leave to appeal. 6. From perusal of evidence available on record, it appears that the complainant himself failed to explain about his financial capacity to advance loan to the accused as he is running small stationary and photocopy shop and earning Rs.30-40,000/- per month. He has also accepted that he is paying income tax every year, however, he has not filed the return so present transaction was excluded from the tax. Though the complainant has stated that he has given money in 3-4 installments, however, he failed to explain as to on which date he has given the money 3 to the respondent/accused. Further, in respect of loan transaction complainant has not filed any affidavit, acknowledgment or bank details to show that he has given the loan to the accused. 7. In the matter of Rajesh Jain Vs. Ajay Singh, (2023) 10 SCC 148, the law relating to the effect of legal presumption as per Section 118 and Section 139 of the NI Act has been clarified. As per Section 118 of the NI Act it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved, that every negotiable instrument was made or drawn for consideration and as per Section 139 of the Act “unless the contrary is proved, it shall be presumed, that the holder of the cheque received the cheque, for the discharge of, whole or part of any debt or liability. Both the presumptions are rebuttable in nature. The relevant paras of the aforesaid judgment i.e. 33 to 44 is reproduced hereunder:- “33. The NI Act provides for two presumptions: Section 118 and Section 139. Section 118 of the Act inter alia directs that it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved, that every negotiable instrument was made or drawn for consideration. Section 139 of the Act stipulates that “unless the contrary is proved, it shall be presumed, that the holder of the cheque received the cheque, for the discharge of, whole or part of any debt or liability”. It will be seen that the “presumed fact” directly relates to one of the crucial ingredients necessary to sustain a conviction under Section 138. The rules discussed hereinbelow are common to both the presumptions under Section 139 and Section 118 and are hence, not repeated- reference to one can be taken as reference to another” “34. Section 139 of the NI Act, which takes the form of a “shall presume” clause is illustrative of a presumption of law. Because Section 139 4 requires that the Court “shall presume” the fact stated therein, it is obligatory on the Court to raise this presumption in every case where the factual basis for the raising of the presumption had been established. But this does not preclude the person against whom the presumption is drawn from rebutting it and proving the contrary as is clear from the use of the phrase “unless the contrary is proved”.” “35.The Court will necessarily presume that the cheque had been issued towards discharge of a legally enforceable debt/liability in two circumstances. Firstly, when the drawer of the cheque admits issuance/execution of the cheque and secondly, in the event where the complainant proves that cheque was issued/executed in his favour by the drawer. The circumstances set out above form the fact(s) which bring about the activation of the presumptive clause. [Bharat Barrel & Drum Mfg. v. Amin Chand Payrelal] [(1999) 3 SCC 35]” “36.Recently, this Court has gone to the extent of holding that presumption takes effect even in a situation where the accused contends that a blank cheque leaf was voluntarily signed and handed over by him to the complainant. [Bir Singh v. Mukesh Kumar (2019) 4 SCC 197]. Therefore, mere admission of the drawer's signature, without admitting the execution of the entire contents in the cheque, is now sufficient to trigger the presumption.” “37. As soon as the complainant discharges the burden to prove that the instrument, say a cheque, was issued by the accused for discharge of debt, the presumptive device under Section 139 of the Act helps shifting the burden on the accused. The effect of the presumption, in that sense, is to transfer the evidential burden on the accused of proving that the cheque was not received by the Bank towards the discharge of any liability. Until this evidential burden is 5 discharged by the accused, the presumed fact will have to be taken to be true, without expecting the complainant to do anything further.” “38.John Henry Wigmore and the Rules of Evidence: The Hidden Origins of Modern Law on Evidence states as follows: “The peculiar effect of the presumption of law is merely to invoke a rule of law compelling the Jury to reach the conclusion in the absence of evidence to the contrary from the opponent but if the opponent does offer evidence to the contrary (sufficient to satisfy the Judge's requirement of some evidence), the presumption ‘disappears as a rule of law and the case is in the Jury's hands free from any rule.” “39.The standard of proof to discharge this evidential burden is not as heavy as that usually seen in situations where the prosecution is required to prove the guilt of an accused. The accused is not expected to prove the non- existence of the presumed fact beyond reasonable doubt. The accused must meet the standard of “preponderance of probabilities”, similar to a defendant in a civil proceeding. [Rangappa vs. Sri Mohan (AIR 2010 SC 1898)]” “40.In order to rebut the presumption and prove to the contrary, it is open to the accused to raise a probable defence wherein the existence of a legally enforceable debt or liability can be contested. The words “until the contrary is proved” occurring in Section 139 do not mean that accused must necessarily prove the negative that the instrument is not issued in discharge of any debt/liability but the accused has the option to ask the Court to consider the non-existence of debt/liability so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the case, to act upon the supposition that debt/liability did not exist. [Basalingappa v. Mudibasappa (AIR 2019 SC 1983); see also 6 Kumar Exports v. Sharma Carpets (2009) 2 SCC 513]” “41.In other words, the accused is left with two options. The first option-of proving that the debt/liability does not exist-is to lead defence evidence and conclusively establish with certainty that the cheque was not issued in discharge of a debt/liability. The second option is to prove the non-existence of debt/liability by a preponderance of probabilities by referring to the particular circumstances of the case. The preponderance of probability in favour of the accused’s case may be even fifty-one to forty- nine and arising out of the entire circumstances of the case, which includes: the complainant's version in the original complaint, the case in the legal/demand notice, complainant's case at the trial, as also the plea of the accused in the reply notice, his 313 CrPC statement or at the trial as to the circumstances under which the promissory note/cheque was executed. All of them can raise a preponderance of probabilities justifying a finding that there was “no debt/liability”. [Kumar Exports v. Sharma Carpets, (2009) 2 SCC 513]” “42.The nature of evidence required to shift the evidential burden need not necessarily be direct evidence i.e., oral or documentary evidence or admissions made by the opposite party; it may comprise circumstantial evidence or presumption of law or fact.” “43.The accused may adduce direct evidence to prove that the instrument was not issued in discharge of a debt/liability and, if he adduces acceptable evidence, the burden again shifts to the complainant. At the same time, the accused may also rely upon circumstantial evidence and, if the circumstances so relied upon are compelling, the burden may likewise shift to the complainant. It is open for him to also rely upon presumptions of fact, for instance those mentioned in Section 114 and other sections of 7 the Evidence Act. The burden of proof may shift by presumptions of law or fact. In Kundan Lal case v. Custodian (Evacuee Property), AIR 1961 SC 1316 when the creditor had failed to produce his account books, this Court raised a presumption of fact under Section 114, that the evidence, if produced would have shown the non-existence of consideration. Though, in that case, this Court was dealing with the presumptive clause in Section 118 NI Act, since the nature of the presumptive clauses in Sections 118 and 139 is the same, the analogy can be extended and applied in the context of Section 139 as well.” “44.Therefore, in fine, it can be said that once the accused adduces evidence to the satisfaction of the Court that on a preponderance of probabilities there exists no debt/liability in the manner pleaded in the complaint or the demand notice or the affidavit-evidence, the burden shifts to the complainant and the presumption “disappears” and does not haunt the accused any longer. The onus having now shifted to the complainant, he will be obliged to prove the existence of a debt/liability as a matter of fact and his failure to prove would result in dismissal of his complaint case. Thereafter, the presumption under Section 139 does not again come to the complainant's rescue. Once both parties have adduced evidence, the Court has to consider the same and the burden of proof loses all its importance. [Basalingappa v. Mudibasappa, AIR 2019 SC 1983; see also, Rangappa v. Sri Mohan (2010) 11 SCC 441]” 8. Further, in the matter of Dattatraya Vs. Sharanappa reported in 2024 (8) SCC 573, It has been observed that when the appellant is not able to plead even a valid existence of a legally recoverable debt as the very issuance of cheque is dubious based on the fallacies and contradictions in the evidence adduced by the parties and when the accused has been able 8 to cast a shadow of doubt on the case presented by the appellant, in the circumstances, the accused successfully rebutted the presumption stipulated by Section 139 of the NI Act 1881. It is also established that where two views are possible, then the appellate Court should not ordinarily interfere and reverse the findings of acquittal. 9. In light of the aforesaid principles and considering the facts' situation of the case, this Court is of the considered opinion that findings arrived at by the trial Court was a possible view and the judgment impugned has been passed after proper appreciation of evidence on record. Hence, present is not a fit case for grant of leave to appeal. 10.Accordingly, prayer for leave to appeal is rejected. Sd/- (Deepak Kumar Tiwari) Judge Ajay