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(꯱) ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯑꯁꯤꯅꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯗ꯭ꯔꯕꯗꯤ, - (a) "ꯀꯣꯔꯠ" ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯠꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯔꯕꯤꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯂꯧꯅꯕꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ꯫ (b) "ꯀꯟꯀ ꯭ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯋꯦꯜꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯞ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝꯑꯁꯤꯅꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯕꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯞꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯑꯗꯨꯅ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯞꯀꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯞꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯨꯞꯄꯤꯅꯕꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ꯫ (c) ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ"ꯌꯥꯗꯕ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯈꯟꯅꯔꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯃꯁꯤꯂꯩꯗꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯕꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯀꯦꯁꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗ, ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯃꯁꯤꯂꯩꯗꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯑꯗꯨꯌꯥꯝꯅꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄꯌꯥꯕꯑꯣꯏꯅꯂꯧꯔꯛꯄꯃꯇꯝꯗꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ꯫ (d) "ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯇ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯋꯥꯍꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯥꯔꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤꯍꯦꯟꯅꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯌꯥꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯄꯣꯠꯑꯗꯨꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯄꯣꯠꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯇꯧꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅꯤꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯗꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ (i) ꯑꯏꯕꯑꯁꯤꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ (ii) ꯅꯝꯂꯕ, ꯂꯤꯊꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯇꯧꯔꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯇꯧꯔꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫ (iii) ꯃꯦꯞꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯥꯟꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ (iv) ꯙꯥꯃꯒꯤꯄ ꯭ ꯂꯦꯠꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯅꯨꯡꯑꯃꯗꯍꯛꯇꯨꯅꯏꯕꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ (v) ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯀꯦꯆꯔꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ (vi) ꯏꯃꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯑꯃ, ꯁꯔꯚꯔꯂꯣꯒꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯦꯄꯇꯣꯞ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯥꯐꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯟ, ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ, ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯚꯣꯏꯁꯃꯦꯜꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫ (e) "ꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ- (i) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗꯂꯩꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯄꯤꯕꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯕꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜꯑꯣꯏꯅꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯌꯥꯎꯅꯋꯥꯐꯝꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯍꯥꯏꯅꯀꯧꯋꯤ; (ii) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯌꯥꯎꯅꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯍꯥꯏꯅꯀꯧꯋꯤ꯫ (f) "ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ- (i) ꯄꯣꯠꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯐꯤꯕꯝ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯔꯤꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯃꯕꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅꯈꯪꯕꯉꯝꯕ; (ii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯂꯩꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ (i) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯃꯐꯝꯑꯃꯗꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯅꯥꯏꯅꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ (ii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯑꯃꯇꯥꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯌꯦꯡꯕꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ (iii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯈꯔꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕꯑꯁꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ (iv) That a person holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in good faith, or fraudulently, or uses a particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a specified time conscious of a particular sensation, is a fact; (g) "facts in issue" means and includes any fact from which, either by itself or in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or extent of any right, liability or disability, asserted or denied in any suit or proceeding, necessarily follows. Explanation.—Whenever, under the provisions of the law for the time being in force relating to civil procedure, any Court records an issue of fact, the fact to be asserted or denied in the answer to such issue is a fact in issue. Illustrations. A is accused of the murder of B. At his trial, the following facts may be in issue:— (i) That A caused B's death. (ii) That A intended to cause B's death. (iii) That A had received grave and sudden provocation from B. (iv) ThatA, at the time of doing the act which caused B's death, was, by reason of unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing its nature; (h) "may presume".—Whenever it is provided by thisAdhiniyam that the Court may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved or may call for proof of it; (i) "not proved".—A fact is said to be not proved when it is neither proved nor disproved; (j) "proved".—A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the matters before it, the Court either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists; (k) "relevant".—A fact is said to be relevant to another when it is connected with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Adhiniyam relating to the relevancy of facts; (l) "shall presume".—Whenever it is directed by this Adhiniyam that the Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved. (2) Words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 shall have the same meanings as assigned to them in the said Act and Sanhitas. PART II CHAPTER II RELEVANCY OF FACTS