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ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯑꯃꯁꯦꯝꯏꯍꯥꯏꯅꯍꯥꯏꯅꯩ- (A) ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ- (i) ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃꯁꯦꯝꯕ, ꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯕ, ꯁꯤꯜꯍꯟꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ; (ii) ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯁꯦꯝꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ; (iii) ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕ; (iv) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔꯑꯁꯤꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ, ꯁꯤꯜꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ, ꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ, ꯊꯥꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯃꯗꯨꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨꯅꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯅꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯈꯪꯂꯕꯆꯦꯑꯃꯁꯦꯝꯗꯨꯅꯅꯝꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕ by whose authority he knows that it was not made, signed, sealed, executed or affixed; or (B) Who without lawful authority, dishonestly or fraudulently, by cancellation or otherwise, alters a document or an electronic record in any material part thereof, after it has been made, executed or affixed with electronic signature either by himself or by any other person, whether such person be living or dead at the time of such alteration; or (C) Who dishonestly or fraudulently causes any person to sign, seal, execute or alter a document or an electronic record or to affix his electronic signature on any electronic record knowing that such person by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication cannot, or that by reason of deception practised upon him, he does not know the contents of the document or electronic record or the nature of the alteration. Illustrations. (a)Ahas a letter of credit upon B for rupees 10,000, written by Z. A, in order to defraud B, adds cipher to the 10,000, and makes the sum 1,00,000 intending that it may be believed by B that Z so wrote the letter. A has committed forgery. (b)A, without Z’s authority, affixes Z’s seal to a document purporting to be a conveyance of an estate from Z toA, with the intention of selling the estate to B and thereby of obtaining from B the purchase-money. Ahas committed forgery. (c) A picks up a cheque on a banker signed by B, payable to bearer, but without any sum having been inserted in the cheque. A fraudulently fills up the cheque by inserting the sum of ten thousand rupees. A commits forgery. (d)Aleaves with B, his agent, a cheque on a banker, signed byA, without inserting the sum payable and authorises B to fill up the cheque by inserting a sum not exceeding ten thousand rupees for the purpose of making certain payments. B fraudulently fills up the cheque by inserting the sum of twenty thousand rupees. B commits forgery. (e) A draws a bill of exchange on himself in the name of B without B’s authority, intending to discount it as a genuine bill with a banker and intending to take up the bill on its maturity. Here, as A draws the bill with intent to deceive the banker by leading him to suppose that he had the security of B, and thereby to discount the bill, A is guilty of forgery. (f) Z’s will contains these words—“I direct that all my remaining property be equally divided between A, B and C”.A dishonestly scratches out B’s name, intending that it may be believed that the whole was left to himself and C.A has committed forgery. (g) A endorses a Government promissory note and makes it payable to Z or his order by writing on the bill the words “Pay to Z or his order” and signing the endorsement. B dishonestly erases the words “Pay to Z or his order”, and thereby converts the special endorsement into a blank endorsement. B commits forgery. (h)Asells and conveys an estate to Z.Aafterwards, in order to defraud Z of his estate, executes a conveyance of the same estate to B, dated six months earlier than the date of the conveyance to Z, intending it to be believed that he had conveyed the estate to B before he conveyed it to Z. A has committed forgery. (i) Z dictates his will to A. A intentionally writes down a different legatee from the legatee named by Z, and by representing to Z that he has prepared the will according to his instructions, induces Z to sign the will. A has committed forgery. (j)Awrites a letter and signs it with B’s name without B’s authority, certifying thatA is a man of good character and in distressed circumstances from unforeseen misfortune, intending by means of such letter to obtain alms from Z and other persons. Here, as Amade a false document in order to induce Z to part with property, A has committed forgery. Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 93 ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 93 ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤꯃꯁꯛꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕꯃꯥꯔꯛꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯁꯦꯝꯏ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ (B) ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯍꯛꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ, ꯄꯨꯛꯆꯦꯜꯁꯦꯡꯗꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯀꯛꯊꯠꯂꯒꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯑꯃꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯃꯆꯥꯛꯀꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯗꯨꯁꯦꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯊꯟꯇꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯅꯍꯥꯞꯄꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯍꯥꯞꯄ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯃꯇꯝꯑꯗꯨꯗꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯁꯤꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ; ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ (C) ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ, ꯁꯤꯜꯇꯧꯕ, ꯊꯕꯛꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯁꯤꯋꯥꯈꯜꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯌꯨꯊꯛꯄꯅꯃꯔꯝꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯇꯧꯕꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏꯍꯥꯏꯕꯈꯪꯂꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯃꯊꯛꯇꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥ-ꯊꯨꯝꯖꯥꯅꯃꯔꯝꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ ꯗꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤꯃꯑꯣꯡꯑꯗꯨꯈꯪꯗꯦ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ꯫ (a) A. ꯅB. ꯗꯂꯨꯄꯥ10,000ꯒꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔꯑꯣꯐꯀ ꯭ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯠꯑꯃꯂꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤZꯅꯏꯕꯅꯤ꯫ZꯅꯆꯤꯊꯤꯑꯗꯨꯏꯔꯛꯄꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅBꯅ ꯈꯟꯅꯕBꯕꯨꯅꯝꯊꯥꯛꯇꯧꯅꯕAꯅꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ10,000 ꯑꯗꯨ1,00,000 ꯗꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯂꯤ꯫Aꯅꯐꯣꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ (b) A, Zꯀꯤꯑꯌꯥꯕꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ, ZꯀꯤꯁꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨZꯇꯒꯤAꯗꯏꯁ ꯭ ꯇꯦꯠꯑꯃꯄꯨꯁꯤꯜꯂꯛꯄꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕꯆꯦꯑꯃꯗ, ꯑꯦꯁꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨBꯗꯌꯣꯟꯕꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅBꯗꯒꯤꯂꯩꯕ-ꯁꯦꯜꯑꯗꯨꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯑꯦꯅ ꯐꯣꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ (c) AꯅBꯅꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯔꯕꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯑꯃꯗꯆꯦꯛꯑꯃꯂꯧꯋꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯗꯨꯗꯄꯤꯕꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯆꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯑꯃꯠꯇꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯗꯕꯑꯣꯏ꯫A ꯑꯃꯅꯂꯥꯟꯅꯂꯨꯄꯥꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡꯇꯔꯥꯒꯤꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯍꯥꯞꯇꯨꯅꯆꯦꯛꯑꯗꯨꯊꯜꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ Aꯅꯐꯣꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤꯇꯧꯋꯤ꯫ (d) Aꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟ꯭ꯇB, ꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯑꯃꯗAꯅꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯔꯕꯆꯦꯛꯑꯃ, ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯍꯥꯞꯇꯗꯅ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯏꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯂꯨꯄꯥꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡꯇꯔꯥꯗꯒꯤꯍꯦꯟꯗꯕꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯥꯞꯇꯨꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯑꯗꯨꯃꯦꯟꯈꯠꯅꯕBꯕꯨꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤ꯫Bꯅꯂꯥꯟꯅꯂꯨꯄꯥꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡꯀꯨꯟꯒꯤꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯍꯥꯞꯇꯨꯅꯆꯦꯛꯑꯗꯨꯊꯜꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫Bꯅ ꯐꯣꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯋꯤ꯫ (e) AꯅBꯒꯤꯑꯌꯥꯕꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅBꯒꯤꯃꯤꯡꯗꯁꯦꯜꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯕꯤꯜꯑꯃꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯑꯃꯒꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯕꯤꯜꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯊꯝꯂꯤꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗꯕꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯂꯧꯅꯕꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯗ, AꯅꯕꯦꯡꯀꯔꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤB ꯒꯤꯁꯦꯀ ꯭ ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯗꯨꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨꯃꯤꯅꯝꯅꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯕꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯅꯝꯊꯔꯛꯄꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯅꯃꯔꯝꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯕꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ, A ꯑꯁꯤꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤꯃꯔꯥꯜꯂꯩ꯫ (f) Zꯀꯤꯋꯤꯜꯑꯁꯤꯗꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ-"ꯑꯩꯒꯤꯂꯩꯔꯝꯂꯤꯕꯄꯣꯠꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛA, B ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡCꯒꯤꯃꯔꯛꯇꯆꯞꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯈꯥꯏꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕꯑꯩꯅꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯂꯤ" ꯫AꯅꯄꯨꯛꯆꯦꯟꯁꯦꯡꯗꯕꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗBꯒꯤꯃꯃꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯀꯛꯊꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯃꯁꯤꯊꯥꯖꯕꯌꯥꯏꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯑꯗꯨꯃꯍꯥꯛꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡCꯗꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ꯫Aꯅꯐꯣꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ (g) Aꯅꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯣꯃꯤꯁꯔꯤꯅꯣꯠꯑꯃꯁꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯕꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯗ"ꯄꯦꯇꯨZ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯏꯗꯨꯅꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯕꯗꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅZ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯑꯗꯨꯗꯄꯤꯕꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫Bꯅ ꯊꯥꯖꯗꯅ"ꯄꯦꯇꯨZ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯃꯨꯠꯊꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯅꯃꯔꯝꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯏ꯭ꯁꯄꯦꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜꯑꯦꯟꯗꯔꯁꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯇꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯕꯂꯦꯟꯛꯑꯦꯟꯗꯔꯁꯃꯦꯟ꯭ꯇꯑꯃꯗꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯏ꯫Bꯅꯐꯣꯀꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯋꯤ꯫ (h) AꯅꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠꯑꯃZꯇꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛꯏ꯫ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗAꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠꯑꯗꯨZꯇꯅꯝꯐꯨꯗ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠꯑꯗꯨZꯇꯄꯤꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅBꯗꯄꯤꯈ꯭ꯔꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯊꯝꯂꯗꯨꯅ, Zꯇꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯊꯥꯇꯔꯨꯛꯀꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯆꯞꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠꯑꯗꯨBꯗꯄꯤꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ꯫Aꯅꯐꯣꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ (i) ZꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯑꯗꯨAꯗꯇꯥꯛꯏ꯫AꯅꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅZꯅꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯟꯕꯂꯦꯖꯤꯇꯤꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯂꯦꯖꯤꯇꯤꯑꯃꯏꯋꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡZꯇꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯋꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ꯭ꯔꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯎꯠꯂꯗꯨꯅ, Zꯄꯨꯋꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯗꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ꯫Aꯅꯐꯣꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ (j) AꯅꯆꯤꯊꯤꯑꯃꯏꯋꯤꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡBꯒꯤꯍꯛꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅBꯒꯤꯃꯤꯡꯒꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯈꯨꯠꯌꯦꯛꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅA ꯑꯁꯤꯑꯐꯕꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯤꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯑꯋꯥꯕꯗꯒꯤꯑꯋꯥꯕꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗꯂꯩꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯄ ꯭ ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗZ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤꯆꯣꯏꯅꯐꯪꯅꯕꯍꯣꯠꯅꯩ꯫ꯃꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯗ, AꯅZꯄꯨꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯝꯈꯥꯏꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯒꯠꯅꯕꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅ, Aꯅꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯇꯧꯈ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ (k) A without B’s authority writes a letter and signs it in B’s name certifying to A’s character, intending thereby to obtain employment under Z. A has committed forgery in as much as he intended to deceive Z by the forged certificate, and thereby to induce Z to enter into an express or implied contract for service. Explanation 1.—A man’s signature of his own name may amount to forgery. Illustrations. (a) A signs his own name to a bill of exchange, intending that it may be believed that the bill was drawn by another person of the same name. A has committed forgery. (b) A writes the word “accepted” on a piece of paper and signs it with Z’s name, in order that B may afterwards write on the paper a bill of exchange drawn by B upon Z, and negotiate the bill as though it had been accepted by Z. A is guilty of forgery; and if B, knowing the fact, draws the bill upon the paper pursuant to A’s intention, B is also guilty of forgery. (c)Apicks up a bill of exchange payable to the order of a different person of the same name. A endorses the bill in his own name, intending to cause it to be believed that it was endorsed by the person to whose order it was payable; here A has committed forgery. (d) A purchases an estate sold under execution of a decree against B. B, after the seizure of the estate, in collusion with Z, executes a lease of the estate, to Z at a nominal rent and for a long period and dates the lease six months prior to the seizure, with intent to defraud A, and to cause it to be believed that the lease was granted before the seizure. B, though he executes the lease in his own name, commits forgery by antedating it. (e)A, a trader, in anticipation of insolvency, lodges effects with B for A’s benefit, and with intent to defraud his creditors; and in order to give a colour to the transaction, writes a promissory note binding himself to pay to B a sum for value received, and antedates the note, intending that it may be believed to have been made before A was on the point of insolvency. A has committed forgery under the first head of the definition. Explanation 2.—The making of a false document in the name of a fictitious person, intending it to be believed that the document was made by a real person, or in the name of a deceased person, intending it to be believed that the document was made by the person in his lifetime, may amount to forgery. Illustration. A draws a bill of exchange upon a fictitious person, and fraudulently accepts the bill in the name of such fictitious person with intent to negotiate it. A commits forgery. Explanation 3.—For the purposes of this section, the expression “affixing electronic signature” shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (d) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Information TechnologyAct, 2000.